equivalents, including subscription management, bookmarks, and replay strategies. Handle complex data encoding transformations, such as EBCDIC to UTF-8 and packed decimal conversions, with validation test suites. Utilize migration tooling for schema conversion and downstream analytics (Glue, Athena, Redshift), with infrastructure-as-code (Terraform) and CI/CD (GitLab). … Plan and execute cutovers with dual-run validation, reconciliation, rollback strategies, and data governance controls (masking, encryption, IAM). Develop observability dashboards for lag, throughput, error rates, and cost using CloudWatch/Grafana, with operational runbooks and alerting. Ensure data quality through pre-migration validation tests and reconciliation against golden ...