CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
UK

The following table provides summary statistics for contract job vacancies with a requirement for CSS skills. Included is a benchmarking guide to the contractor rates offered in vacancies that have cited CSS over the 6 months to 27 April 2024 with a comparison to the same period in the previous 2 years.

6 months to
27 Apr 2024
Same period 2023 Same period 2022
Rank 104 92 62
Rank change year-on-year -12 -30 -6
Contract jobs citing CSS 910 1,583 3,314
As % of all contract jobs advertised in the UK 2.10% 2.65% 3.73%
As % of the Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards category 10.25% 11.36% 13.73%
Number of daily rates quoted 634 1,151 2,427
10th Percentile £309 £325 £363
25th Percentile £410 £413 £425
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £498 £500 £525
Median % change year-on-year -0.50% -4.76% +16.67%
75th Percentile £588 £600 £638
90th Percentile £709 £713 £713
UK excluding London median daily rate £450 £450 £463
% change year-on-year - -2.70% +14.91%
Number of hourly rates quoted 23 22 44
10th Percentile £29.06 £21.12 £23.18
25th Percentile £38.81 £39.75 £36.74
Median hourly rate £50.00 £58.75 £55.00
Median % change year-on-year -14.89% +6.82% +34.15%
75th Percentile £63.75 £82.50 £65.11
90th Percentile £70.00 £85.00 £69.34
UK excluding London median hourly rate £61.25 £49.00 £53.75
% change year-on-year +25.00% -8.84% +34.38%

All Software Libraries and Frameworks
UK

CSS is in the Software Libraries and Frameworks category. The following table is for comparison with the above and provides summary statistics for all contract job vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills.

Contract vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills 8,876 13,931 24,130
As % of all contract IT jobs advertised in the UK 20.50% 23.29% 27.16%
Number of daily rates quoted 6,162 10,182 17,689
10th Percentile £338 £400 £400
25th Percentile £425 £463 £463
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £525 £550 £550
Median % change year-on-year -4.55% - +10.00%
75th Percentile £650 £675 £660
90th Percentile £767 £775 £750
UK excluding London median daily rate £500 £500 £500
% change year-on-year - - +14.94%
Number of hourly rates quoted 224 153 242
10th Percentile £20.91 £31.60 £21.10
25th Percentile £39.98 £48.50 £35.00
Median hourly rate £46.18 £65.00 £49.00
Median % change year-on-year -28.95% +32.65% +8.89%
75th Percentile £65.00 £75.00 £64.94
90th Percentile £75.00 £80.85 £75.00
UK excluding London median hourly rate £47.50 £65.00 £49.00
% change year-on-year -26.92% +32.65% +8.89%

CSS
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing CSS as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Daily Rate Trend

3-month moving average daily rate quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Daily rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Daily Rate Histogram

Daily rate distribution for jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 27 April 2024.

Daily rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Hourly Rate Trend

3-month moving average hourly rates quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Hourly rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Hourly Rate Histogram

Hourly rate distribution of jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 27 April 2024.

Hourly rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Top 17 Contract Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median contractor rates quoted in IT jobs citing CSS within the UK over the 6 months to 27 April 2024. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Contract
IT Job Ads
Median
Daily Rate
Past 6 Months
Median Daily Rate
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England -23 726 £500 - 812
London -1 435 £525 -4.55% 259
Work from Home -5 397 £498 +4.74% 476
UK excluding London -17 344 £450 - 585
South East +10 91 £388 -8.82% 102
Scotland +28 70 £480 +1.05% 37
North of England -48 65 £420 -6.67% 175
North West -37 42 £423 -6.11% 108
South West +13 38 £523 +16.11% 81
Midlands -32 35 £425 - 120
East of England +18 31 £475 +5.56% 62
Yorkshire -18 21 £408 -7.39% 52
West Midlands +1 18 £475 +11.76% 70
East Midlands -14 17 £225 -42.68% 50
Northern Ireland +13 7 - - 8
Wales +9 7 £438 +2.94% 15
North East +4 2 £453 -9.45% 15

CSS
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 60 (6.59%) CMS
2 31 (3.41%) Confluence
2 31 (3.41%) SharePoint
3 22 (2.42%) nginx
4 15 (1.65%) WordPress
5 14 (1.54%) Headless CMS
6 10 (1.10%) Adobe Experience Manager
7 9 (0.99%) Drupal
8 8 (0.88%) IIS
8 8 (0.88%) Kentico
9 7 (0.77%) SharePoint 2010
9 7 (0.77%) SharePoint Server
9 7 (0.77%) Umbraco
10 5 (0.55%) Apache
11 4 (0.44%) Tomcat
12 3 (0.33%) Skype for Business
13 2 (0.22%) Gunicorn
13 2 (0.22%) Microsoft Exchange
13 2 (0.22%) Moodle
13 2 (0.22%) WebSphere
Applications
1 16 (1.76%) Photoshop
2 13 (1.43%) Adobe Illustrator
3 12 (1.32%) Sketch
4 11 (1.21%) InVision
4 11 (1.21%) Microsoft Excel
5 8 (0.88%) Adobe XD
5 8 (0.88%) Microsoft Office
6 6 (0.66%) Adobe After Effects
6 6 (0.66%) Microsoft PowerPoint
7 5 (0.55%) Adobe Creative Suite
8 2 (0.22%) InDesign
9 1 (0.11%) 3ds Max
9 1 (0.11%) Avocode
9 1 (0.11%) Blender
9 1 (0.11%) Chatbot
9 1 (0.11%) Elementor
9 1 (0.11%) MS Visio
Business Applications
1 11 (1.21%) Shopify
2 8 (0.88%) Dynamics CRM
3 5 (0.55%) Magento
3 5 (0.55%) Salesforce CRM
4 4 (0.44%) NetSuite
5 3 (0.33%) Maximo
5 3 (0.33%) Payment Gateway
6 2 (0.22%) Adobe Campaign
6 2 (0.22%) Unica
6 2 (0.22%) WebTrends
7 1 (0.11%) SAP GRC
7 1 (0.11%) Workfront
Cloud Services
1 169 (18.57%) Azure
2 160 (17.58%) AWS
3 62 (6.81%) Azure DevOps
4 44 (4.84%) GCP
5 41 (4.51%) GitHub
5 41 (4.51%) Power Platform
6 39 (4.29%) Figma
7 34 (3.74%) Power Automate
7 34 (3.74%) Serverless
8 30 (3.30%) Azure Service Bus
9 27 (2.97%) Amazon S3
10 25 (2.75%) Azure Cosmos DB
11 23 (2.53%) AWS Lambda
12 22 (2.42%) Microsoft 365
12 22 (2.42%) PowerApps
12 22 (2.42%) SaaS
13 21 (2.31%) AWS Elastic Beanstalk
14 18 (1.98%) Azure Monitor
15 17 (1.87%) AWS CloudFormation
15 17 (1.87%) Dynamics 365
Communications & Networking
1 27 (2.97%) HTTP
2 20 (2.20%) Intranet
3 18 (1.98%) Firewall
4 17 (1.87%) VPN
5 14 (1.54%) Software-Defined Radio
6 13 (1.43%) SNMP
7 8 (0.88%) DNS
8 7 (0.77%) TCP/IP
9 3 (0.33%) MQTT
9 3 (0.33%) Skype
10 2 (0.22%) 5G
10 2 (0.22%) FTP
10 2 (0.22%) Internet
11 1 (0.11%) DHCP
11 1 (0.11%) HTTPS
11 1 (0.11%) Network Security
11 1 (0.11%) RTP
11 1 (0.11%) SSH
11 1 (0.11%) VLAN
11 1 (0.11%) VoIP
Database & Business Intelligence
1 91 (10.00%) SQL Server
2 53 (5.82%) PostgreSQL
3 51 (5.60%) MySQL
4 47 (5.16%) MongoDB
5 33 (3.63%) Relational Database
6 32 (3.52%) NoSQL
7 21 (2.31%) Power BI
8 20 (2.20%) Amazon Aurora
9 18 (1.98%) Oracle Database
10 13 (1.43%) Elasticsearch
11 11 (1.21%) Metadata
12 10 (1.10%) BigQuery
12 10 (1.10%) Redis
13 7 (0.77%) MariaDB
13 7 (0.77%) PowerPivot
13 7 (0.77%) SQL Server Reporting Services
14 6 (0.66%) Microsoft Power View
15 5 (0.55%) Amazon RDS
15 5 (0.55%) Looker
15 5 (0.55%) Tableau
Development Applications
1 167 (18.35%) Git
2 74 (8.13%) JIRA
3 43 (4.73%) Jenkins
4 29 (3.19%) webpack
5 28 (3.08%) Cypress.io
6 25 (2.75%) Bitbucket
7 17 (1.87%) TeamCity
8 16 (1.76%) Robot Framework
8 16 (1.76%) Visual Studio Code
9 15 (1.65%) Eclipse
10 14 (1.54%) Selenium
11 13 (1.43%) GitLab
11 13 (1.43%) GoogleTest
12 12 (1.32%) Storybook
13 11 (1.21%) git-flow
13 11 (1.21%) Postman
14 7 (0.77%) Babel
14 7 (0.77%) Maven
14 7 (0.77%) Visual Studio
15 6 (0.66%) Dreamweaver
General
1 202 (22.20%) Social Skills
2 138 (15.16%) Finance
3 98 (10.77%) Analytical Skills
4 88 (9.67%) Public Sector
5 72 (7.91%) Marketing
6 65 (7.14%) Banking
7 24 (2.64%) Front Office
8 20 (2.20%) Presentation Skills
9 19 (2.09%) Retail
10 17 (1.87%) Investment Banking
11 15 (1.65%) Publishing
12 13 (1.43%) Telecoms
13 11 (1.21%) Advertising
13 11 (1.21%) Back Office
13 11 (1.21%) Inclusion and Diversity
14 8 (0.88%) Manufacturing
15 7 (0.77%) Automotive
15 7 (0.77%) Games
15 7 (0.77%) Influencing Skills
15 7 (0.77%) Tech for Good
Job Titles
1 604 (66.37%) Developer
2 136 (14.95%) Full Stack Developer
3 121 (13.30%) Front-End Developer (Client-Side Developer)
4 116 (12.75%) Senior
5 84 (9.23%) React Developer
6 73 (8.02%) Senior Developer
7 46 (5.05%) Lead
8 45 (4.95%) Software Engineer
9 43 (4.73%) Designer
10 42 (4.62%) Java Developer
11 41 (4.51%) .NET Developer
12 40 (4.40%) JavaScript Developer
13 36 (3.96%) Full Stack Engineer
13 36 (3.96%) Software Developer
14 34 (3.74%) UI Developer
15 29 (3.19%) Senior Front-End Developer
16 27 (2.97%) Java Engineer
17 26 (2.86%) Python Developer
18 23 (2.53%) Architect
18 23 (2.53%) HTML Developer
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 790 (86.81%) HTML
2 358 (39.34%) React
3 187 (20.55%) Node.js
4 159 (17.47%) AngularJS
5 151 (16.59%) .NET
6 148 (16.26%) REST
7 113 (12.42%) HTML5
8 80 (8.79%) Sass
9 79 (8.68%) CSS3
10 77 (8.46%) jQuery
11 76 (8.35%) ASP.NET
12 67 (7.36%) Vue
13 66 (7.25%) Web Services
14 58 (6.37%) Spring
15 57 (6.26%) RESTful
16 49 (5.38%) JSON
17 48 (5.27%) .NET Core
18 47 (5.16%) XML
19 46 (5.05%) GraphQL
19 46 (5.05%) Redux
Miscellaneous
1 42 (4.62%) Product Ownership
2 25 (2.75%) Fixed Income
2 25 (2.75%) Mobile App
3 20 (2.20%) Greenfield Project
3 20 (2.20%) Legacy Systems
4 19 (2.09%) Self-Motivation
5 18 (1.98%) Data Structures
6 16 (1.76%) Foreign Exchange (FX)
7 15 (1.65%) Enterprise Software
7 15 (1.65%) Management Information System
8 14 (1.54%) Algorithms
9 12 (1.32%) Hedge funds
9 12 (1.32%) Public Cloud
10 11 (1.21%) CMDB
10 11 (1.21%) Derivative
10 11 (1.21%) Marketing Technology
11 10 (1.10%) Cloud Native
12 9 (0.99%) Animation
13 8 (0.88%) Data Protection Act
14 7 (0.77%) NHS
Operating Systems
1 62 (6.81%) Linux
2 34 (3.74%) Unix
3 22 (2.42%) Windows
4 17 (1.87%) Android
4 17 (1.87%) Apple iOS
5 7 (0.77%) Windows Server
6 4 (0.44%) CentOS
6 4 (0.44%) Windows Server 2016
6 4 (0.44%) Windows Server 2019
7 2 (0.22%) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
8 1 (0.11%) Ubuntu
Processes & Methodologies
1 331 (36.37%) Agile
2 234 (25.71%) Full Stack Development
3 184 (20.22%) Front End Development
4 167 (18.35%) User Experience
5 162 (17.80%) Problem-Solving
6 145 (15.93%) Web Development
7 143 (15.71%) DevOps
8 135 (14.84%) CI/CD
9 125 (13.74%) Software Engineering
10 109 (11.98%) TDD
11 96 (10.55%) MVC
12 95 (10.44%) Test Automation
13 90 (9.89%) Microservices
14 85 (9.34%) Scrum
15 70 (7.69%) Computer Science
15 70 (7.69%) UX Design
16 56 (6.15%) Prototyping
17 53 (5.82%) Analytics
17 53 (5.82%) OO
17 53 (5.82%) SDLC
Programming Languages
1 685 (75.27%) JavaScript
2 275 (30.22%) TypeScript
3 177 (19.45%) Java
4 160 (17.58%) SQL
5 151 (16.59%) C#
6 108 (11.87%) Python
7 84 (9.23%) PHP
8 39 (4.29%) PowerShell
9 23 (2.53%) Bicep
10 20 (2.20%) C++
11 19 (2.09%) Bash
12 17 (1.87%) Shell Script
13 15 (1.65%) Ruby
14 11 (1.21%) Apex Code
15 10 (1.10%) T-SQL
16 8 (0.88%) C
16 8 (0.88%) Perl
16 8 (0.88%) PL/SQL
17 7 (0.77%) Kotlin
18 5 (0.55%) Go
Qualifications
1 94 (10.33%) Degree
2 92 (10.11%) Security Cleared
3 78 (8.57%) SC Cleared
4 50 (5.49%) Computer Science Degree
5 11 (1.21%) Master's Degree
6 10 (1.10%) BPSS Clearance
7 7 (0.77%) ITIL Certification
8 6 (0.66%) CTC Cleared
9 5 (0.55%) Azure Certification
9 5 (0.55%) DV Cleared
10 4 (0.44%) Numerate Degree
10 4 (0.44%) PMP
11 3 (0.33%) Microsoft Certification
12 2 (0.22%) DBS Check
12 2 (0.22%) MCSD
12 2 (0.22%) MCSE
13 1 (0.11%) CISSP
13 1 (0.11%) ISTQB Foundation Certification
13 1 (0.11%) PMI Certification
13 1 (0.11%) SANS
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 104 (11.43%) Accessibility
2 46 (5.05%) QA
3 33 (3.63%) WCAG
4 10 (1.10%) GDPR
5 9 (0.99%) Data Quality
6 5 (0.55%) Disclosure Scotland
7 4 (0.44%) GRC
8 3 (0.33%) HIPAA
8 3 (0.33%) NIST
8 3 (0.33%) SLA
9 1 (0.11%) HL7
9 1 (0.11%) ISO 20022
9 1 (0.11%) MiFID
System Software
1 42 (4.62%) Docker
2 33 (3.63%) Active Directory
3 15 (1.65%) Firmware
4 9 (0.99%) VMware Infrastructure
5 2 (0.22%) Hyper-V
5 2 (0.22%) NFS
5 2 (0.22%) VirtualBox
Systems Management
1 29 (3.19%) Kubernetes
2 19 (2.09%) Terraform
3 18 (1.98%) Single Sign-On
4 14 (1.54%) Grafana
5 13 (1.43%) Kibana
6 6 (0.66%) Ansible
7 4 (0.44%) logstash
7 4 (0.44%) Opsgenie
7 4 (0.44%) Puppet
8 3 (0.33%) Netcool
8 3 (0.33%) PingFederate
9 2 (0.22%) Active Directory Federation Services
9 2 (0.22%) systemd
10 1 (0.11%) Progress Chef
10 1 (0.11%) Prometheus
10 1 (0.11%) RSA Archer
Vendors
1 96 (10.55%) Microsoft
2 46 (5.05%) Adobe
3 44 (4.84%) Google
4 37 (4.07%) Oracle
5 35 (3.85%) ServiceNow
6 25 (2.75%) Salesforce
7 22 (2.42%) SAP
8 21 (2.31%) Atlassian
9 14 (1.54%) Optimizely
10 12 (1.32%) Salesforce Marketing Cloud
11 9 (0.99%) VMware
12 7 (0.77%) Red Hat
12 7 (0.77%) Splunk
13 6 (0.66%) dotdigital
14 5 (0.55%) Blue Prism
14 5 (0.55%) Dynatrace
14 5 (0.55%) Ensighten
14 5 (0.55%) Monetate
14 5 (0.55%) Tealium
14 5 (0.55%) Xamarin