CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
UK

The following table provides summary statistics for contract job vacancies with a requirement for CSS skills. Included is a benchmarking guide to the contractor rates offered in vacancies that have cited CSS over the 6 months to 4 May 2024 with a comparison to the same period in the previous 2 years.

6 months to
4 May 2024
Same period 2023 Same period 2022
Rank 103 93 64
Rank change year-on-year -10 -29 -9
Contract jobs citing CSS 928 1,567 3,261
As % of all contract jobs advertised in the UK 2.15% 2.65% 3.68%
As % of the Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards category 10.45% 11.39% 13.56%
Number of daily rates quoted 645 1,143 2,370
10th Percentile £307 £325 £363
25th Percentile £413 £413 £430
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £490 £500 £525
Median % change year-on-year -2.00% -4.76% +16.67%
75th Percentile £588 £625 £638
90th Percentile £700 £713 £713
UK excluding London median daily rate £450 £450 £475
% change year-on-year - -5.26% +18.75%
Number of hourly rates quoted 24 22 44
10th Percentile £29.33 £21.12 £23.63
25th Percentile £39.41 £39.75 £37.95
Median hourly rate £50.50 £58.75 £55.25
Median % change year-on-year -14.04% +6.33% +38.13%
75th Percentile £64.06 £82.50 £67.40
90th Percentile £70.00 £85.00 £75.27
UK excluding London median hourly rate £62.50 £49.00 £55.00
% change year-on-year +27.55% -10.91% +37.50%

All Software Libraries and Frameworks
UK

CSS is in the Software Libraries and Frameworks category. The following table is for comparison with the above and provides summary statistics for all contract job vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills.

Contract vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills 8,883 13,752 24,052
As % of all contract IT jobs advertised in the UK 20.59% 23.25% 27.11%
Number of daily rates quoted 6,169 10,030 17,634
10th Percentile £338 £400 £400
25th Percentile £425 £463 £463
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £525 £550 £550
Median % change year-on-year -4.55% - +10.00%
75th Percentile £650 £675 £663
90th Percentile £775 £775 £750
UK excluding London median daily rate £500 £500 £500
% change year-on-year - - +14.29%
Number of hourly rates quoted 238 153 241
10th Percentile £21.25 £31.60 £22.50
25th Percentile £40.08 £50.00 £35.00
Median hourly rate £46.84 £65.00 £49.50
Median % change year-on-year -27.94% +31.31% +10.00%
75th Percentile £65.00 £75.00 £65.00
90th Percentile £74.61 £81.00 £75.00
UK excluding London median hourly rate £47.50 £62.50 £49.00
% change year-on-year -24.00% +27.55% +8.89%

CSS
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing CSS as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Daily Rate Trend

3-month moving average daily rate quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Daily rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Daily Rate Histogram

Daily rate distribution for jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 4 May 2024.

Daily rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Hourly Rate Trend

3-month moving average hourly rates quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Hourly rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Hourly Rate Histogram

Hourly rate distribution of jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 4 May 2024.

Hourly rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Top 17 Contract Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median contractor rates quoted in IT jobs citing CSS within the UK over the 6 months to 4 May 2024. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Contract
IT Job Ads
Median
Daily Rate
Past 6 Months
Median Daily Rate
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England -22 739 £500 - 823
London +2 448 £525 -4.55% 255
Work from Home +1 400 £498 +4.74% 478
UK excluding London -22 344 £450 - 602
South East +8 91 £388 -8.82% 98
Scotland +31 70 £478 +0.53% 34
North of England -47 65 £425 -5.56% 171
North West -34 42 £438 -5.41% 106
South West +16 39 £500 +11.11% 84
Midlands -26 35 £425 - 143
East of England +13 31 £475 +5.56% 57
Yorkshire -18 21 £408 -7.39% 49
West Midlands -4 19 £500 +14.29% 77
East Midlands -10 16 £225 -45.78% 65
Northern Ireland +12 7 - - 11
Wales +8 6 £450 +7.46% 14
North East +4 2 £453 -9.45% 17

CSS
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 60 (6.47%) CMS
2 32 (3.45%) Confluence
2 32 (3.45%) SharePoint
3 24 (2.59%) nginx
4 14 (1.51%) Headless CMS
4 14 (1.51%) WordPress
5 10 (1.08%) Adobe Experience Manager
6 9 (0.97%) Drupal
7 8 (0.86%) IIS
7 8 (0.86%) Kentico
7 8 (0.86%) Umbraco
8 7 (0.75%) SharePoint 2010
8 7 (0.75%) SharePoint Server
9 5 (0.54%) Apache
10 3 (0.32%) Skype for Business
10 3 (0.32%) Tomcat
11 2 (0.22%) Gunicorn
11 2 (0.22%) Microsoft Exchange
11 2 (0.22%) Moodle
11 2 (0.22%) WebSphere
Applications
1 16 (1.72%) Photoshop
2 13 (1.40%) Adobe Illustrator
3 11 (1.19%) Microsoft Excel
3 11 (1.19%) Sketch
4 9 (0.97%) InVision
5 8 (0.86%) Adobe XD
5 8 (0.86%) Microsoft Office
6 6 (0.65%) Adobe After Effects
6 6 (0.65%) Microsoft PowerPoint
7 5 (0.54%) Adobe Creative Suite
8 2 (0.22%) InDesign
9 1 (0.11%) 3ds Max
9 1 (0.11%) Blender
9 1 (0.11%) Chatbot
9 1 (0.11%) Elementor
9 1 (0.11%) MS Visio
Business Applications
1 10 (1.08%) Shopify
2 8 (0.86%) Dynamics CRM
3 5 (0.54%) Magento
3 5 (0.54%) Salesforce CRM
4 4 (0.43%) NetSuite
5 3 (0.32%) Maximo
5 3 (0.32%) Payment Gateway
6 2 (0.22%) Adobe Campaign
6 2 (0.22%) Unica
6 2 (0.22%) WebTrends
7 1 (0.11%) SAP GRC
7 1 (0.11%) Workfront
Cloud Services
1 176 (18.97%) Azure
2 159 (17.13%) AWS
3 69 (7.44%) Azure DevOps
4 43 (4.63%) Power Platform
5 42 (4.53%) GCP
6 40 (4.31%) GitHub
7 37 (3.99%) Azure Service Bus
7 37 (3.99%) Figma
8 35 (3.77%) Power Automate
9 33 (3.56%) Serverless
10 25 (2.69%) Amazon S3
10 25 (2.69%) Azure Cosmos DB
11 23 (2.48%) AWS Elastic Beanstalk
11 23 (2.48%) PowerApps
12 22 (2.37%) Microsoft 365
12 22 (2.37%) SaaS
13 21 (2.26%) AWS Lambda
13 21 (2.26%) Entra ID
14 18 (1.94%) Azure Monitor
14 18 (1.94%) Dynamics 365
Communications & Networking
1 27 (2.91%) HTTP
2 21 (2.26%) Intranet
3 18 (1.94%) Firewall
4 17 (1.83%) VPN
5 15 (1.62%) Software-Defined Radio
6 14 (1.51%) SNMP
7 8 (0.86%) DNS
8 7 (0.75%) TCP/IP
9 4 (0.43%) VoIP
10 3 (0.32%) MQTT
10 3 (0.32%) Skype
11 2 (0.22%) 5G
11 2 (0.22%) FTP
11 2 (0.22%) Internet
12 1 (0.11%) DHCP
12 1 (0.11%) HbbTV
12 1 (0.11%) HTTPS
12 1 (0.11%) Network Security
12 1 (0.11%) SSH
12 1 (0.11%) VLAN
Database & Business Intelligence
1 99 (10.67%) SQL Server
2 52 (5.60%) MySQL
3 50 (5.39%) PostgreSQL
4 44 (4.74%) MongoDB
5 34 (3.66%) Relational Database
6 31 (3.34%) NoSQL
7 22 (2.37%) Power BI
8 19 (2.05%) Amazon Aurora
9 18 (1.94%) Oracle Database
10 17 (1.83%) Redis
11 13 (1.40%) Elasticsearch
12 11 (1.19%) Metadata
13 10 (1.08%) BigQuery
14 7 (0.75%) MariaDB
14 7 (0.75%) PowerPivot
14 7 (0.75%) SQL Server Reporting Services
15 6 (0.65%) Microsoft Power View
16 5 (0.54%) BusinessObjects
16 5 (0.54%) Looker
16 5 (0.54%) Tableau
Development Applications
1 170 (18.32%) Git
2 75 (8.08%) JIRA
3 43 (4.63%) Jenkins
4 29 (3.13%) webpack
5 27 (2.91%) Cypress.io
6 26 (2.80%) Bitbucket
7 17 (1.83%) Robot Framework
8 16 (1.72%) Eclipse
8 16 (1.72%) Visual Studio Code
9 15 (1.62%) TeamCity
10 14 (1.51%) GoogleTest
10 14 (1.51%) Selenium
11 13 (1.40%) GitLab
11 13 (1.40%) Storybook
12 12 (1.29%) Postman
13 11 (1.19%) git-flow
14 8 (0.86%) Maven
15 7 (0.75%) Babel
15 7 (0.75%) Visual Studio
16 6 (0.65%) SonarQube
General
1 203 (21.88%) Social Skills
2 140 (15.09%) Finance
3 98 (10.56%) Analytical Skills
4 90 (9.70%) Public Sector
5 71 (7.65%) Marketing
6 64 (6.90%) Banking
7 22 (2.37%) Front Office
8 20 (2.16%) Presentation Skills
9 19 (2.05%) Retail
10 16 (1.72%) Investment Banking
11 15 (1.62%) Publishing
11 15 (1.62%) Telecoms
12 11 (1.19%) Advertising
12 11 (1.19%) Back Office
12 11 (1.19%) Inclusion and Diversity
13 8 (0.86%) Manufacturing
14 7 (0.75%) Automotive
14 7 (0.75%) Tech for Good
15 6 (0.65%) Electronics
15 6 (0.65%) Influencing Skills
Job Titles
1 621 (66.92%) Developer
2 136 (14.66%) Full Stack Developer
3 125 (13.47%) Senior
4 123 (13.25%) Front-End Developer (Client-Side Developer)
5 84 (9.05%) React Developer
6 81 (8.73%) Senior Developer
7 50 (5.39%) Lead
8 49 (5.28%) Software Engineer
9 44 (4.74%) .NET Developer
10 42 (4.53%) Designer
11 41 (4.42%) Java Developer
12 38 (4.09%) JavaScript Developer
13 36 (3.88%) Full Stack Engineer
13 36 (3.88%) Software Developer
14 35 (3.77%) UI Developer
15 29 (3.13%) Senior Front-End Developer
16 28 (3.02%) Java Engineer
17 26 (2.80%) Architect
17 26 (2.80%) Python Developer
18 24 (2.59%) Angular Developer
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 807 (86.96%) HTML
2 372 (40.09%) React
3 187 (20.15%) Node.js
4 167 (18.00%) AngularJS
5 163 (17.56%) .NET
6 151 (16.27%) REST
7 114 (12.28%) HTML5
8 85 (9.16%) ASP.NET
9 82 (8.84%) Sass
10 77 (8.30%) jQuery
11 76 (8.19%) CSS3
12 70 (7.54%) Vue
13 69 (7.44%) Web Services
14 60 (6.47%) RESTful
15 59 (6.36%) .NET Core
16 58 (6.25%) Spring
16 58 (6.25%) XML
17 52 (5.60%) JSON
18 46 (4.96%) Laravel
19 43 (4.63%) Redux
Miscellaneous
1 45 (4.85%) Product Ownership
2 24 (2.59%) Fixed Income
2 24 (2.59%) Mobile App
3 20 (2.16%) Greenfield Project
3 20 (2.16%) Legacy Systems
4 19 (2.05%) Self-Motivation
5 18 (1.94%) Data Structures
6 16 (1.72%) Foreign Exchange (FX)
7 15 (1.62%) Management Information System
8 14 (1.51%) Algorithms
8 14 (1.51%) CMDB
9 13 (1.40%) Enterprise Software
10 12 (1.29%) Derivative
10 12 (1.29%) Hedge funds
10 12 (1.29%) Public Cloud
11 11 (1.19%) Marketing Technology
12 10 (1.08%) Cloud Native
13 9 (0.97%) Animation
14 8 (0.86%) Data Protection Act
15 7 (0.75%) NHS
Operating Systems
1 65 (7.00%) Linux
2 36 (3.88%) Unix
3 22 (2.37%) Windows
4 15 (1.62%) Android
4 15 (1.62%) Apple iOS
5 7 (0.75%) Windows Server
6 4 (0.43%) CentOS
6 4 (0.43%) Windows Server 2016
6 4 (0.43%) Windows Server 2019
7 2 (0.22%) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
8 1 (0.11%) Ubuntu
Processes & Methodologies
1 346 (37.28%) Agile
2 232 (25.00%) Full Stack Development
3 186 (20.04%) Front End Development
4 167 (18.00%) User Experience
5 165 (17.78%) Problem-Solving
6 151 (16.27%) DevOps
7 149 (16.06%) Web Development
8 144 (15.52%) CI/CD
9 129 (13.90%) Software Engineering
10 112 (12.07%) TDD
11 100 (10.78%) Test Automation
12 96 (10.34%) MVC
13 93 (10.02%) Scrum
14 91 (9.81%) Microservices
15 74 (7.97%) Computer Science
16 70 (7.54%) UX Design
17 56 (6.03%) Analytics
17 56 (6.03%) Clean Code
18 55 (5.93%) Prototyping
19 54 (5.82%) OO
Programming Languages
1 704 (75.86%) JavaScript
2 286 (30.82%) TypeScript
3 181 (19.50%) Java
4 161 (17.35%) SQL
5 159 (17.13%) C#
6 113 (12.18%) Python
7 85 (9.16%) PHP
8 46 (4.96%) PowerShell
9 30 (3.23%) Bicep
10 22 (2.37%) C++
11 19 (2.05%) Bash
12 17 (1.83%) Shell Script
13 15 (1.62%) Ruby
14 13 (1.40%) T-SQL
15 11 (1.19%) Apex Code
16 9 (0.97%) C
17 8 (0.86%) Go
17 8 (0.86%) Perl
17 8 (0.86%) PL/SQL
18 7 (0.75%) Kotlin
Qualifications
1 98 (10.56%) Degree
2 96 (10.34%) Security Cleared
3 81 (8.73%) SC Cleared
4 54 (5.82%) Computer Science Degree
5 11 (1.19%) BPSS Clearance
5 11 (1.19%) Master's Degree
6 7 (0.75%) ITIL Certification
7 6 (0.65%) Azure Certification
7 6 (0.65%) CTC Cleared
8 5 (0.54%) DV Cleared
9 4 (0.43%) Numerate Degree
9 4 (0.43%) PMP
10 3 (0.32%) Microsoft Certification
11 2 (0.22%) DBS Check
11 2 (0.22%) MCSD
11 2 (0.22%) MCSE
12 1 (0.11%) CISSP
12 1 (0.11%) ISTQB Foundation Certification
12 1 (0.11%) PMI Certification
12 1 (0.11%) SANS
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 105 (11.31%) Accessibility
2 49 (5.28%) QA
3 33 (3.56%) WCAG
4 10 (1.08%) GDPR
5 9 (0.97%) Data Quality
6 5 (0.54%) Disclosure Scotland
7 4 (0.43%) GRC
8 3 (0.32%) HIPAA
8 3 (0.32%) NIST
8 3 (0.32%) SLA
9 1 (0.11%) HL7
9 1 (0.11%) ISO 20022
9 1 (0.11%) MiFID
System Software
1 41 (4.42%) Active Directory
2 40 (4.31%) Docker
3 16 (1.72%) Firmware
4 9 (0.97%) VMware Infrastructure
5 2 (0.22%) Hyper-V
5 2 (0.22%) NFS
5 2 (0.22%) VirtualBox
Systems Management
1 28 (3.02%) Kubernetes
2 20 (2.16%) Single Sign-On
3 19 (2.05%) Terraform
4 14 (1.51%) Kibana
5 13 (1.40%) Grafana
6 6 (0.65%) Ansible
7 5 (0.54%) logstash
8 4 (0.43%) Opsgenie
8 4 (0.43%) Puppet
9 3 (0.32%) Netcool
9 3 (0.32%) PingFederate
10 2 (0.22%) Active Directory Federation Services
10 2 (0.22%) systemd
11 1 (0.11%) Progress Chef
11 1 (0.11%) Prometheus
11 1 (0.11%) RSA Archer
Vendors
1 104 (11.21%) Microsoft
2 46 (4.96%) Adobe
3 45 (4.85%) Google
4 36 (3.88%) Oracle
4 36 (3.88%) ServiceNow
5 25 (2.69%) Salesforce
6 22 (2.37%) Atlassian
6 22 (2.37%) SAP
7 14 (1.51%) Optimizely
8 12 (1.29%) Salesforce Marketing Cloud
9 9 (0.97%) VMware
10 7 (0.75%) Red Hat
10 7 (0.75%) Splunk
11 6 (0.65%) dotdigital
12 5 (0.54%) Blue Prism
12 5 (0.54%) Dynatrace
12 5 (0.54%) Ensighten
12 5 (0.54%) Monetate
12 5 (0.54%) Tealium
12 5 (0.54%) Xamarin