CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
UK

The following table provides summary statistics for contract job vacancies with a requirement for CSS skills. Included is a benchmarking guide to the contractor rates offered in vacancies that have cited CSS over the 6 months to 13 May 2024 with a comparison to the same period in the previous 2 years.

6 months to
13 May 2024
Same period 2023 Same period 2022
Rank 104 89 62
Rank change year-on-year -15 -27 -6
Contract jobs citing CSS 919 1,557 3,243
As % of all contract jobs advertised in the UK 2.15% 2.68% 3.68%
As % of the Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards category 10.35% 11.53% 13.61%
Number of daily rates quoted 634 1,129 2,364
10th Percentile £307 £325 £363
25th Percentile £413 £413 £427
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £490 £500 £525
Median % change year-on-year -2.00% -4.76% +16.67%
75th Percentile £587 £625 £638
90th Percentile £700 £713 £723
UK excluding London median daily rate £450 £450 £465
% change year-on-year - -3.23% +16.25%
Number of hourly rates quoted 23 23 45
10th Percentile £30.33 £21.25 £24.00
25th Percentile £40.00 £41.50 £38.25
Median hourly rate £51.00 £65.00 £55.50
Median % change year-on-year -21.54% +17.12% +38.75%
75th Percentile £66.88 £80.50 £67.50
90th Percentile £70.00 £85.00 £75.66
UK excluding London median hourly rate £62.50 £49.53 £55.00
% change year-on-year +26.20% -9.95% +40.34%

All Software Libraries and Frameworks
UK

CSS is in the Software Libraries and Frameworks category. The following table is for comparison with the above and provides summary statistics for all contract job vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills.

Contract vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills 8,877 13,508 23,820
As % of all contract IT jobs advertised in the UK 20.76% 23.22% 27.02%
Number of daily rates quoted 6,151 9,845 17,469
10th Percentile £350 £400 £400
25th Percentile £425 £463 £463
Median daily rate (50th Percentile) £535 £550 £550
Median % change year-on-year -2.73% - +10.00%
75th Percentile £650 £675 £663
90th Percentile £775 £775 £750
UK excluding London median daily rate £500 £500 £500
% change year-on-year - - +13.64%
Number of hourly rates quoted 242 156 240
10th Percentile £21.25 £30.38 £22.50
25th Percentile £43.00 £50.00 £35.00
Median hourly rate £47.50 £65.00 £50.00
Median % change year-on-year -26.92% +30.00% +11.11%
75th Percentile £65.00 £75.00 £65.60
90th Percentile £74.95 £81.00 £77.00
UK excluding London median hourly rate £47.50 £64.00 £50.00
% change year-on-year -25.78% +28.00% +11.11%

CSS
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing CSS as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Daily Rate Trend

3-month moving average daily rate quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Daily rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Daily Rate Histogram

Daily rate distribution for jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 13 May 2024.

Daily rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Contractor Hourly Rate Trend

3-month moving average hourly rates quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Hourly rate trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Hourly Rate Histogram

Hourly rate distribution of jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 13 May 2024.

Hourly rate histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Top 17 Contract Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median contractor rates quoted in IT jobs citing CSS within the UK over the 6 months to 13 May 2024. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Contract
IT Job Ads
Median
Daily Rate
Past 6 Months
Median Daily Rate
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England -15 740 £498 -0.50% 965
London -5 441 £525 -5.19% 323
Work from Home -9 390 £498 +3.81% 544
UK excluding London -23 341 £450 - 693
South East 0 88 £380 -10.06% 119
North of England -49 71 £450 - 185
Scotland +32 60 £475 - 37
South West +14 42 £533 +18.44% 93
North West -38 42 £450 -6.23% 114
Midlands -27 35 £425 - 165
East of England +7 32 £475 +5.56% 69
Yorkshire -13 26 £429 -2.56% 53
West Midlands -3 20 £500 +14.29% 92
East Midlands -11 15 £225 -45.78% 72
Northern Ireland - 7 - - 13
Wales +14 6 £450 +7.46% 25
North East 0 3 £405 -19.00% 18

CSS
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 61 (6.64%) CMS
2 33 (3.59%) Confluence
2 33 (3.59%) SharePoint
3 25 (2.72%) nginx
4 16 (1.74%) Headless CMS
5 14 (1.52%) WordPress
6 13 (1.41%) Apache
7 10 (1.09%) Adobe Experience Manager
8 9 (0.98%) Drupal
9 8 (0.87%) IIS
9 8 (0.87%) Kentico
9 8 (0.87%) Umbraco
10 7 (0.76%) SharePoint 2010
10 7 (0.76%) SharePoint Server
11 3 (0.33%) Skype for Business
11 3 (0.33%) Tomcat
12 2 (0.22%) Gunicorn
12 2 (0.22%) Microsoft Exchange
12 2 (0.22%) Moodle
13 1 (0.11%) Cloud Foundry
Applications
1 15 (1.63%) Photoshop
2 12 (1.31%) Adobe Illustrator
3 11 (1.20%) Microsoft Excel
3 11 (1.20%) Sketch
4 9 (0.98%) InVision
5 8 (0.87%) Microsoft Office
6 7 (0.76%) Adobe XD
7 6 (0.65%) Adobe After Effects
7 6 (0.65%) Microsoft PowerPoint
8 5 (0.54%) Adobe Creative Suite
9 1 (0.11%) 3ds Max
9 1 (0.11%) Blender
9 1 (0.11%) Chatbot
9 1 (0.11%) Elementor
9 1 (0.11%) InDesign
9 1 (0.11%) MS Visio
Business Applications
1 9 (0.98%) Dynamics CRM
1 9 (0.98%) Shopify
2 5 (0.54%) Magento
2 5 (0.54%) Salesforce CRM
3 4 (0.44%) NetSuite
4 3 (0.33%) Maximo
4 3 (0.33%) Payment Gateway
5 2 (0.22%) Adobe Campaign
5 2 (0.22%) Unica
5 2 (0.22%) WebTrends
6 1 (0.11%) SAP GRC
6 1 (0.11%) Workfront
Cloud Services
1 178 (19.37%) Azure
2 151 (16.43%) AWS
3 72 (7.83%) Azure DevOps
4 47 (5.11%) Power Platform
5 42 (4.57%) GCP
6 41 (4.46%) GitHub
7 39 (4.24%) Azure Service Bus
8 36 (3.92%) Figma
9 34 (3.70%) Power Automate
10 25 (2.72%) Serverless
11 24 (2.61%) AWS Elastic Beanstalk
11 24 (2.61%) PowerApps
12 23 (2.50%) Azure Cosmos DB
12 23 (2.50%) Entra ID
13 20 (2.18%) SaaS
14 19 (2.07%) Dynamics 365
14 19 (2.07%) Microsoft 365
15 17 (1.85%) Amazon S3
16 16 (1.74%) Azure Monitor
16 16 (1.74%) npm
Communications & Networking
1 31 (3.37%) HTTP
2 23 (2.50%) Intranet
3 18 (1.96%) Firewall
4 17 (1.85%) VPN
5 15 (1.63%) Software-Defined Radio
6 14 (1.52%) SNMP
7 8 (0.87%) DNS
8 7 (0.76%) TCP/IP
9 4 (0.44%) VoIP
10 3 (0.33%) MQTT
10 3 (0.33%) Skype
11 2 (0.22%) 5G
11 2 (0.22%) FTP
11 2 (0.22%) Internet
12 1 (0.11%) DHCP
12 1 (0.11%) HbbTV
12 1 (0.11%) HTTPS
12 1 (0.11%) Network Security
12 1 (0.11%) SSH
12 1 (0.11%) VLAN
Database & Business Intelligence
1 100 (10.88%) SQL Server
2 56 (6.09%) MySQL
3 45 (4.90%) PostgreSQL
4 44 (4.79%) MongoDB
5 37 (4.03%) Relational Database
6 32 (3.48%) NoSQL
7 24 (2.61%) Power BI
8 18 (1.96%) Oracle Database
8 18 (1.96%) Redis
9 13 (1.41%) Elasticsearch
10 12 (1.31%) Amazon Aurora
11 11 (1.20%) Metadata
12 10 (1.09%) BigQuery
13 7 (0.76%) MariaDB
13 7 (0.76%) PowerPivot
13 7 (0.76%) SQL Server Reporting Services
14 6 (0.65%) Microsoft Power View
14 6 (0.65%) Triplestore
15 5 (0.54%) Looker
15 5 (0.54%) Tableau
Development Applications
1 168 (18.28%) Git
2 78 (8.49%) JIRA
3 39 (4.24%) Jenkins
4 28 (3.05%) webpack
5 27 (2.94%) Bitbucket
6 20 (2.18%) Cypress.io
7 19 (2.07%) GitLab
8 17 (1.85%) Robot Framework
9 16 (1.74%) Eclipse
9 16 (1.74%) Visual Studio Code
10 15 (1.63%) Selenium
11 14 (1.52%) GoogleTest
12 13 (1.41%) Storybook
12 13 (1.41%) TeamCity
13 12 (1.31%) git-flow
13 12 (1.31%) Postman
14 8 (0.87%) Maven
15 7 (0.76%) Jasmine
15 7 (0.76%) Visual Studio
16 6 (0.65%) IntelliJ
General
1 205 (22.31%) Social Skills
2 140 (15.23%) Finance
3 91 (9.90%) Analytical Skills
4 85 (9.25%) Public Sector
5 67 (7.29%) Banking
5 67 (7.29%) Marketing
6 20 (2.18%) Front Office
6 20 (2.18%) Presentation Skills
6 20 (2.18%) Retail
7 17 (1.85%) Telecoms
8 15 (1.63%) Publishing
9 14 (1.52%) Investment Banking
10 12 (1.31%) Inclusion and Diversity
11 11 (1.20%) Advertising
11 11 (1.20%) Back Office
12 8 (0.87%) Manufacturing
12 8 (0.87%) Tech for Good
13 7 (0.76%) Automotive
14 6 (0.65%) Electronics
14 6 (0.65%) Games
Job Titles
1 617 (67.14%) Developer
2 132 (14.36%) Full Stack Developer
3 125 (13.60%) Senior
4 123 (13.38%) Front-End Developer (Client-Side Developer)
5 84 (9.14%) React Developer
6 81 (8.81%) Senior Developer
7 47 (5.11%) Software Engineer
8 43 (4.68%) .NET Developer
8 43 (4.68%) Lead
9 41 (4.46%) Java Developer
10 39 (4.24%) Designer
10 39 (4.24%) JavaScript Developer
11 37 (4.03%) Software Developer
12 35 (3.81%) Full Stack Engineer
12 35 (3.81%) UI Developer
13 30 (3.26%) Senior Front-End Developer
14 28 (3.05%) Java Engineer
15 27 (2.94%) ServiceNow Developer
16 26 (2.83%) Architect
17 25 (2.72%) Python Developer
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 797 (86.72%) HTML
2 366 (39.83%) React
3 179 (19.48%) Node.js
4 172 (18.72%) AngularJS
5 163 (17.74%) .NET
6 148 (16.10%) REST
7 113 (12.30%) HTML5
8 87 (9.47%) Sass
9 84 (9.14%) ASP.NET
10 79 (8.60%) jQuery
11 74 (8.05%) CSS3
12 72 (7.83%) Web Services
13 69 (7.51%) Vue
14 64 (6.96%) XML
15 62 (6.75%) RESTful
16 61 (6.64%) .NET Core
17 55 (5.98%) Spring
18 53 (5.77%) JSON
19 49 (5.33%) GraphQL
20 46 (5.01%) Laravel
Miscellaneous
1 46 (5.01%) Product Ownership
2 26 (2.83%) Mobile App
3 25 (2.72%) Fixed Income
4 19 (2.07%) Data Structures
4 19 (2.07%) Greenfield Project
4 19 (2.07%) Self-Motivation
5 18 (1.96%) Legacy Systems
6 16 (1.74%) Foreign Exchange (FX)
7 15 (1.63%) CMDB
7 15 (1.63%) Management Information System
8 14 (1.52%) Algorithms
8 14 (1.52%) Enterprise Software
9 13 (1.41%) Derivative
10 12 (1.31%) Hedge funds
10 12 (1.31%) Public Cloud
11 11 (1.20%) Marketing Technology
12 10 (1.09%) Cloud Native
13 9 (0.98%) Animation
14 8 (0.87%) Data Protection Act
14 8 (0.87%) Distributed Systems
Operating Systems
1 71 (7.73%) Linux
2 36 (3.92%) Unix
3 22 (2.39%) Windows
4 14 (1.52%) Android
4 14 (1.52%) Apple iOS
5 7 (0.76%) Windows Server
6 4 (0.44%) CentOS
6 4 (0.44%) Windows Server 2016
6 4 (0.44%) Windows Server 2019
7 2 (0.22%) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
8 1 (0.11%) Ubuntu
Processes & Methodologies
1 332 (36.13%) Agile
2 224 (24.37%) Full Stack Development
3 185 (20.13%) Front End Development
4 166 (18.06%) User Experience
5 161 (17.52%) Problem-Solving
6 152 (16.54%) Web Development
7 151 (16.43%) DevOps
8 140 (15.23%) CI/CD
9 125 (13.60%) Software Engineering
10 106 (11.53%) TDD
11 98 (10.66%) Scrum
12 90 (9.79%) Test Automation
13 89 (9.68%) MVC
14 85 (9.25%) Microservices
15 75 (8.16%) Computer Science
16 73 (7.94%) UX Design
17 58 (6.31%) Clean Code
18 54 (5.88%) OO
19 53 (5.77%) Analytics
19 53 (5.77%) Code Quality
Programming Languages
1 703 (76.50%) JavaScript
2 279 (30.36%) TypeScript
3 174 (18.93%) Java
4 161 (17.52%) SQL
5 158 (17.19%) C#
6 105 (11.43%) Python
7 79 (8.60%) PHP
8 47 (5.11%) PowerShell
9 32 (3.48%) Bicep
10 23 (2.50%) C++
11 19 (2.07%) Bash
12 17 (1.85%) Shell Script
13 14 (1.52%) T-SQL
14 13 (1.41%) Ruby
15 11 (1.20%) Apex Code
16 10 (1.09%) C
17 9 (0.98%) Go
18 8 (0.87%) Kotlin
18 8 (0.87%) Perl
18 8 (0.87%) PL/SQL
Qualifications
1 103 (11.21%) Security Cleared
2 96 (10.45%) Degree
3 90 (9.79%) SC Cleared
4 55 (5.98%) Computer Science Degree
5 13 (1.41%) Master's Degree
6 11 (1.20%) BPSS Clearance
7 7 (0.76%) ITIL Certification
7 7 (0.76%) PMP
8 6 (0.65%) Azure Certification
8 6 (0.65%) CTC Cleared
9 4 (0.44%) DV Cleared
9 4 (0.44%) Numerate Degree
9 4 (0.44%) PMI Certification
10 3 (0.33%) Microsoft Certification
11 2 (0.22%) MCSD
11 2 (0.22%) MCSE
12 1 (0.11%) CEH
12 1 (0.11%) CISSP
12 1 (0.11%) DBS Check
12 1 (0.11%) SANS
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 92 (10.01%) Accessibility
2 48 (5.22%) QA
3 31 (3.37%) WCAG
4 10 (1.09%) GDPR
5 9 (0.98%) Data Quality
6 4 (0.44%) GRC
7 3 (0.33%) Disclosure Scotland
7 3 (0.33%) NIST
7 3 (0.33%) SLA
8 2 (0.22%) HIPAA
9 1 (0.11%) HL7
9 1 (0.11%) ISO 20022
9 1 (0.11%) MiFID
System Software
1 43 (4.68%) Active Directory
1 43 (4.68%) Docker
2 15 (1.63%) Firmware
3 9 (0.98%) VMware Infrastructure
4 2 (0.22%) Hyper-V
4 2 (0.22%) NFS
4 2 (0.22%) VirtualBox
Systems Management
1 31 (3.37%) Kubernetes
2 20 (2.18%) Single Sign-On
3 19 (2.07%) Terraform
4 14 (1.52%) Kibana
5 7 (0.76%) Grafana
6 6 (0.65%) Ansible
7 5 (0.54%) logstash
8 4 (0.44%) Opsgenie
8 4 (0.44%) Puppet
9 3 (0.33%) Netcool
9 3 (0.33%) PingFederate
10 2 (0.22%) Active Directory Federation Services
10 2 (0.22%) Prometheus
10 2 (0.22%) systemd
11 1 (0.11%) Progress Chef
11 1 (0.11%) RSA Archer
11 1 (0.11%) Zipkin
Vendors
1 105 (11.43%) Microsoft
2 45 (4.90%) Google
3 44 (4.79%) Adobe
4 43 (4.68%) ServiceNow
5 36 (3.92%) Oracle
6 22 (2.39%) Atlassian
6 22 (2.39%) Salesforce
6 22 (2.39%) SAP
7 14 (1.52%) Optimizely
8 9 (0.98%) Salesforce Marketing Cloud
8 9 (0.98%) VMware
9 7 (0.76%) Red Hat
9 7 (0.76%) Splunk
10 6 (0.65%) dotdigital
11 5 (0.54%) Blue Prism
11 5 (0.54%) Dynatrace
11 5 (0.54%) Ensighten
11 5 (0.54%) Monetate
11 5 (0.54%) Tealium
11 5 (0.54%) UiPath