CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
UK

The table below provides summary statistics for permanent job vacancies requiring CSS skills. It includes a benchmarking guide to the annual salaries offered in vacancies that cited CSS over the 6 months leading up to 14 July 2025, comparing them to the same period in the previous two years.

6 months to
14 Jul 2025
Same period 2024 Same period 2023
Rank 133 57 69
Rank change year-on-year -76 +12 -34
Permanent jobs citing CSS 1,374 4,020 3,732
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 2.29% 3.89% 4.38%
As % of the Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards category 13.89% 19.47% 15.73%
Number of salaries quoted 855 2,683 2,996
10th Percentile £28,350 £31,250 £36,250
25th Percentile £38,500 £38,750 £45,000
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £55,000 £52,500 £55,414
Median % change year-on-year +4.76% -5.26% +0.75%
75th Percentile £77,500 £67,500 £75,000
90th Percentile £85,000 £80,000 £90,000
UK excluding London median annual salary £50,000 £50,000 £52,500
% change year-on-year - -4.76% +5.00%

All Software Libraries and Frameworks
UK

CSS falls under the Software Libraries and Frameworks category. For comparison with the information above, the following table provides summary statistics for all permanent job vacancies requiring technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills.

Permanent vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills 9,894 20,649 23,724
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 16.51% 19.97% 27.82%
Number of salaries quoted 6,007 15,175 16,840
10th Percentile £38,750 £36,250 £41,227
25th Percentile £51,250 £45,000 £50,000
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £67,500 £60,000 £66,500
Median % change year-on-year +12.50% -9.77% +2.31%
75th Percentile £87,500 £80,000 £86,250
90th Percentile £112,500 £100,000 £106,250
UK excluding London median annual salary £60,000 £55,000 £57,500
% change year-on-year +9.09% -4.35% +4.55%

CSS
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing CSS as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Salary Trend

3-month moving average salary quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Salary trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Salary Histogram

Salary distribution for jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 14 July 2025.

Salary histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Top 17 Job Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median salaries quoted in IT jobs citing CSS within the UK over the 6 months to 14 July 2025. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Permanent
IT Job Ads
Median Salary
Past 6 Months
Median Salary
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England -87 1,179 £55,000 +4.76% 1,223
UK excluding London -90 923 £50,000 - 973
Work from Home -43 764 £52,500 - 571
London -33 346 £70,000 +3.70% 412
North of England -89 280 £50,000 +5.26% 266
North West -83 221 £52,250 +4.50% 145
South East -106 194 £47,500 -13.64% 232
Midlands -51 170 £47,500 +5.56% 147
Scotland -15 108 £73,750 +34.09% 46
East Midlands -41 88 £45,000 - 56
East of England -65 85 £37,500 -21.05% 146
West Midlands -38 81 £47,500 +5.56% 92
South West -64 73 £55,000 +10.00% 103
Yorkshire -73 43 £38,750 -13.89% 96
North East +9 16 £28,500 -32.94% 29
Wales -31 15 £67,500 +50.00% 38
Northern Ireland -13 1 - - 13

CSS
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 181 (13.17%) Confluence
2 116 (8.44%) CMS
3 63 (4.59%) WordPress
4 35 (2.55%) Umbraco
5 32 (2.33%) SharePoint
6 29 (2.11%) IIS
7 26 (1.89%) Headless CMS
8 15 (1.09%) Drupal
9 9 (0.66%) nginx
10 8 (0.58%) Apache
11 5 (0.36%) Liferay
12 3 (0.22%) Adobe Experience Manager
12 3 (0.22%) ColdFusion
12 3 (0.22%) Kentico
12 3 (0.22%) NServiceBus
12 3 (0.22%) Sitefinity
13 2 (0.15%) CoreMedia CMS
13 2 (0.15%) EPiServer
13 2 (0.15%) Joomla!
13 2 (0.15%) Sitecore CMS
Applications
1 33 (2.40%) Adobe XD
2 22 (1.60%) Photoshop
3 19 (1.38%) Adobe Creative Suite
3 19 (1.38%) Sketch
4 18 (1.31%) Adobe Illustrator
5 8 (0.58%) InVision
5 8 (0.58%) Microsoft Office
6 6 (0.44%) InDesign
7 5 (0.36%) Adobe Premiere
7 5 (0.36%) Chatbot
7 5 (0.36%) MS Visio
8 3 (0.22%) Elementor
8 3 (0.22%) Microsoft PowerPoint
9 2 (0.15%) Microsoft Excel
10 1 (0.073%) CapCut
10 1 (0.073%) Trello
10 1 (0.073%) Zeplin
Business Applications
1 25 (1.82%) Shopify
2 24 (1.75%) NetSuite
3 23 (1.67%) Dynamics CRM
4 14 (1.02%) Magento
5 12 (0.87%) Sprinklr
6 11 (0.80%) JDE OneWorld
7 7 (0.51%) Sage 200
7 7 (0.51%) Sage 50
8 4 (0.29%) Payment Gateway
8 4 (0.29%) Sage 1000
9 3 (0.22%) Oracle BPM
10 2 (0.15%) Elite 3E
11 1 (0.073%) CiviCRM
11 1 (0.073%) Remedy ITSM
11 1 (0.073%) Salesforce CRM
Cloud Services
1 571 (41.56%) Azure
2 480 (34.93%) AWS
3 239 (17.39%) GCP
4 80 (5.82%) Serverless
5 73 (5.31%) Figma
6 68 (4.95%) Azure DevOps
7 67 (4.88%) GitHub
8 62 (4.51%) Azure Service Bus
9 60 (4.37%) SaaS
10 59 (4.29%) Power Platform
11 47 (3.42%) Google Analytics
12 42 (3.06%) Azure Cosmos DB
13 37 (2.69%) Power Automate
13 37 (2.69%) PowerApps
14 36 (2.62%) Azure Logic Apps
15 30 (2.18%) Dynamics 365
16 29 (2.11%) AWS Lambda
17 28 (2.04%) Azure Functions
18 27 (1.97%) npm
18 27 (1.97%) SonarCloud
Communications & Networking
1 15 (1.09%) HTTP
2 11 (0.80%) Intranet
3 8 (0.58%) Internet
4 7 (0.51%) DNS
5 6 (0.44%) Ethernet
5 6 (0.44%) Modbus
5 6 (0.44%) MQTT
6 3 (0.22%) TCP/IP
7 2 (0.15%) Broadband
7 2 (0.15%) LoRaWAN
7 2 (0.15%) SMS
7 2 (0.15%) Wi-Fi
7 2 (0.15%) Wireshark
8 1 (0.073%) Bluetooth
8 1 (0.073%) FTP
8 1 (0.073%) Kerberos
8 1 (0.073%) Multicast
8 1 (0.073%) RTP
8 1 (0.073%) RTSP
8 1 (0.073%) WPA
Database & Business Intelligence
1 442 (32.17%) SQL Server
2 203 (14.77%) MySQL
3 63 (4.59%) NoSQL
4 55 (4.00%) MongoDB
5 53 (3.86%) PostgreSQL
6 50 (3.64%) Relational Database
7 49 (3.57%) Elasticsearch
8 38 (2.77%) Power BI
9 31 (2.26%) Redis
10 21 (1.53%) SQL Server Reporting Services
11 18 (1.31%) BigQuery
12 10 (0.73%) Big Data
13 9 (0.66%) GIS
13 9 (0.66%) Looker
14 7 (0.51%) Amazon RDS
14 7 (0.51%) Azure SQL Database
14 7 (0.51%) SQL Server Integration Services
15 6 (0.44%) Data Warehouse
15 6 (0.44%) DynamoDB
15 6 (0.44%) Metadata
Development Applications
1 345 (25.11%) Git
2 325 (23.65%) JIRA
3 269 (19.58%) Selenium
4 263 (19.14%) Bitbucket
5 261 (19.00%) GitLab
6 256 (18.63%) SonarQube
7 255 (18.56%) Maven
8 249 (18.12%) Cucumber
9 248 (18.05%) Sonatype Nexus
10 56 (4.08%) Visual Studio
11 53 (3.86%) webpack
12 41 (2.98%) Cypress.io
13 32 (2.33%) Team Foundation Server
14 31 (2.26%) Jasmine
14 31 (2.26%) Octopus Deploy
15 30 (2.18%) Jenkins
15 30 (2.18%) Vite
16 27 (1.97%) MSBuild
17 25 (1.82%) TeamCity
18 19 (1.38%) Subversion
General
1 533 (38.79%) Finance
2 370 (26.93%) Social Skills
3 323 (23.51%) Inclusion and Diversity
4 288 (20.96%) Banking
5 173 (12.59%) Retail
6 125 (9.10%) Marketing
7 101 (7.35%) Law
8 100 (7.28%) Investment Banking
9 90 (6.55%) Corporate Banking
10 89 (6.48%) Analytical Skills
11 57 (4.15%) Games
12 45 (3.28%) Public Sector
13 29 (2.11%) Legal
14 25 (1.82%) Manufacturing
15 19 (1.38%) Advertising
16 11 (0.80%) Automotive
17 9 (0.66%) Front Office
18 8 (0.58%) Presentation Skills
18 8 (0.58%) Publishing
19 7 (0.51%) Back Office
Job Titles
1 703 (51.16%) Developer
2 348 (25.33%) Software Engineer
3 227 (16.52%) Senior
4 167 (12.15%) Senior Developer
5 136 (9.90%) Full-Stack Developer
6 130 (9.46%) Front-End Developer (Client-Side Developer)
7 117 (8.52%) Lead
8 100 (7.28%) PHP Developer
9 66 (4.80%) .NET Developer
10 57 (4.15%) Graduate
10 57 (4.15%) Graduate Developer
11 53 (3.86%) Architect
11 53 (3.86%) Web Developer
12 52 (3.78%) C# Developer
13 51 (3.71%) IT Graduate
14 49 (3.57%) Front-End Engineer (Client-Side Engineer)
15 45 (3.28%) Junior
15 45 (3.28%) Senior Front-End Developer
16 44 (3.20%) Senior Full-Stack Developer
17 42 (3.06%) React Developer
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 1,227 (89.30%) HTML
2 677 (49.27%) React
3 321 (23.36%) .NET
4 306 (22.27%) HTML5
5 282 (20.52%) Redux
6 277 (20.16%) Spring
7 265 (19.29%) Kafka
8 264 (19.21%) Spring Boot
9 257 (18.70%) RESTful
10 251 (18.27%) JPA
11 247 (17.98%) CSS3
12 223 (16.23%) REST
13 196 (14.26%) AngularJS
14 178 (12.95%) Hibernate
14 178 (12.95%) Jest
15 170 (12.37%) Sass
16 168 (12.23%) ASP.NET
17 166 (12.08%) jQuery
18 135 (9.83%) Node.js
19 133 (9.68%) Vue
Miscellaneous
1 285 (20.74%) Product Ownership
2 256 (18.63%) Enterprise Software
3 68 (4.95%) Mobile App
4 35 (2.55%) Cloud Native
5 33 (2.40%) Algorithms
6 31 (2.26%) Virtual Team
7 18 (1.31%) Analytical Mindset
7 18 (1.31%) Self-Motivation
8 16 (1.16%) Greenfield Project
9 15 (1.09%) NHS
10 14 (1.02%) Social Media
11 13 (0.95%) Distributed Systems
12 12 (0.87%) Client/Server
12 12 (0.87%) Hedge funds
12 12 (0.87%) Legacy Systems
13 10 (0.73%) Data Centre
13 10 (0.73%) Foreign Exchange (FX)
13 10 (0.73%) IoT
13 10 (0.73%) Renewable Energy
14 8 (0.58%) Data Structures
Operating Systems
1 37 (2.69%) Linux
2 25 (1.82%) Windows
3 9 (0.66%) Android
3 9 (0.66%) Apple iOS
4 5 (0.36%) Windows Server
5 4 (0.29%) Unix
6 3 (0.22%) Ubuntu
7 1 (0.073%) CentOS
7 1 (0.073%) Debian
7 1 (0.073%) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
7 1 (0.073%) Rocky
Processes & Methodologies
1 716 (52.11%) Agile
2 486 (35.37%) Full-Stack Development
3 481 (35.01%) Front End Development
4 458 (33.33%) DevOps
5 438 (31.88%) Software Engineering
6 431 (31.37%) CI/CD
7 384 (27.95%) Test Automation
8 382 (27.80%) Microservices
9 375 (27.29%) User Experience
10 343 (24.96%) Problem-Solving
11 323 (23.51%) SDLC
12 322 (23.44%) Performance Optimisation
13 305 (22.20%) Containerisation
14 285 (20.74%) Continuous Improvement
15 248 (18.05%) Clean Code
16 235 (17.10%) Mentoring
17 230 (16.74%) TDD
18 227 (16.52%) Web Development
19 221 (16.08%) MVC
20 187 (13.61%) Responsive Web Design
Programming Languages
1 1,149 (83.62%) JavaScript
2 587 (42.72%) SQL
3 387 (28.17%) Java
3 387 (28.17%) TypeScript
4 349 (25.40%) C#
5 252 (18.34%) PHP
6 108 (7.86%) Python
7 63 (4.59%) C++
8 27 (1.97%) T-SQL
9 13 (0.95%) C
10 12 (0.87%) Bicep
11 9 (0.66%) Go
11 9 (0.66%) VB.NET
12 8 (0.58%) PowerShell
12 8 (0.58%) R
13 6 (0.44%) Ruby
14 5 (0.36%) Groovy
15 4 (0.29%) Apex Code
15 4 (0.29%) Bash
15 4 (0.29%) VBA
Qualifications
1 219 (15.94%) Degree
2 128 (9.32%) Computer Science Degree
3 51 (3.71%) Security Cleared
4 41 (2.98%) SC Cleared
5 10 (0.73%) BPSS Clearance
6 8 (0.58%) Master's Degree
6 8 (0.58%) Microsoft Certification
7 7 (0.51%) AWS Certification
7 7 (0.51%) AWS Certified Developer
7 7 (0.51%) HND
8 6 (0.44%) Azure Certification
8 6 (0.44%) Chartered Engineer
8 6 (0.44%) DV Cleared
8 6 (0.44%) HNC
9 5 (0.36%) ISTQB
10 4 (0.29%) AWS Certified Solutions Architect
11 3 (0.22%) DBS Check
11 3 (0.22%) ISTQB Foundation Certification
12 2 (0.15%) CISSP
12 2 (0.15%) Numerate Degree
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 330 (24.02%) QA
2 255 (18.56%) Accessibility
3 62 (4.51%) GDPR
4 56 (4.08%) WCAG
5 6 (0.44%) Actionable Recommendations
6 5 (0.36%) ISO/IEC 27001
6 5 (0.36%) Software Quality Assurance
7 3 (0.22%) Data Quality
8 2 (0.15%) PCI DSS
8 2 (0.15%) Section 508
8 2 (0.15%) WAI
9 1 (0.073%) HL7
9 1 (0.073%) MiFID
9 1 (0.073%) NCSC
9 1 (0.073%) SLA
9 1 (0.073%) SOC 2
System Software
1 381 (27.73%) Docker
2 8 (0.58%) Active Directory
3 6 (0.44%) VMware ESXi
3 6 (0.44%) VMware Infrastructure
4 1 (0.073%) Firmware
4 1 (0.073%) NDS
Systems Management
1 317 (23.07%) Kubernetes
2 27 (1.97%) Terraform
3 21 (1.53%) Single Sign-On
4 8 (0.58%) Grafana
5 6 (0.44%) Functional Safety
6 2 (0.15%) HP Quality Center
6 2 (0.15%) Kibana
6 2 (0.15%) Prometheus
7 1 (0.073%) CA Single Sign-On
7 1 (0.073%) HP UCMDB
7 1 (0.073%) logstash
7 1 (0.073%) PingFederate
Vendors
1 247 (17.98%) Solace
2 143 (10.41%) Microsoft
3 93 (6.77%) Adobe
4 63 (4.59%) Google
5 27 (1.97%) Salesforce
6 24 (1.75%) Oracle
7 21 (1.53%) ServiceNow
8 12 (0.87%) Apple
8 12 (0.87%) HP
8 12 (0.87%) Rollbar
8 12 (0.87%) Sage
8 12 (0.87%) WooCommerce
9 11 (0.80%) Cisco
9 11 (0.80%) Dell
9 11 (0.80%) Splunk
10 10 (0.73%) Ahrefs
10 10 (0.73%) Twitter
11 9 (0.66%) MuleSoft
12 7 (0.51%) Dynatrace
12 7 (0.51%) Guidewire