Large Language Model (LLM)
UK

The table below provides summary statistics for permanent job vacancies requiring LLM skills. It includes a benchmarking guide to the annual salaries offered in vacancies that cited LLM over the 6 months leading up to 1 May 2025, comparing them to the same period in the previous two years.

6 months to
1 May 2025
Same period 2024 Same period 2023
Rank 402 717 984
Rank change year-on-year +315 +267 -
Permanent jobs citing LLM 321 179 5
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 0.62% 0.18% 0.005%
As % of the Processes & Methodologies category 0.66% 0.21% 0.005%
Number of salaries quoted 202 103 3
10th Percentile £51,600 £46,306 -
25th Percentile £77,000 £51,250 £82,500
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £90,000 £70,576 £85,000
Median % change year-on-year +27.52% -16.97% -
75th Percentile £100,000 £96,539 £105,000
90th Percentile £175,000 £122,000 £115,500
UK excluding London median annual salary £77,000 £70,576 -
% change year-on-year +9.10% - -

All Process and Methodology Skills
UK

LLM falls under the Processes and Methodologies category. For comparison with the information above, the following table provides summary statistics for all permanent job vacancies requiring process or methodology skills.

Permanent vacancies with a requirement for process or methodology skills 48,568 84,685 99,386
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 93.32% 85.99% 95.63%
Number of salaries quoted 26,511 59,837 58,366
10th Percentile £30,500 £29,000 £34,000
25th Percentile £42,500 £40,000 £45,000
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £57,500 £55,000 £61,500
Median % change year-on-year +4.55% -10.57% +2.50%
75th Percentile £76,009 £72,500 £82,500
90th Percentile £98,750 £92,500 £100,000
UK excluding London median annual salary £52,500 £50,000 £55,000
% change year-on-year +5.00% -9.09% +4.76%

LLM
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing LLM as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for LLM in the UK

LLM
Salary Trend

3-month moving average salary quoted in jobs citing LLM.

Salary trend for LLM in the UK

LLM
Salary Histogram

Salary distribution for jobs citing LLM over the 6 months to 1 May 2025.

Salary histogram for LLM in the UK

LLM
Top 17 Job Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median salaries quoted in IT jobs citing LLM within the UK over the 6 months to 1 May 2025. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Permanent
IT Job Ads
Median Salary
Past 6 Months
Median Salary
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England +302 297 £91,250 +21.67% 1,466
UK excluding London +313 194 £77,000 +9.10% 1,019
Work from Home +267 130 £90,000 +27.52% 903
London +154 119 £100,000 +21.21% 564
South East +157 65 £77,000 +18.46% 350
North of England +100 31 £100,000 +28.55% 290
South West +117 30 £55,000 -4.35% 12
East of England +84 28 £77,000 -18.95% 36
Midlands +100 20 £77,000 +10.00% 318
North West +41 17 £96,250 - 117
Scotland +118 14 £77,000 +9.10% 28
Yorkshire +80 12 £100,000 +28.55% 140
West Midlands +59 10 £90,000 +20.00% 131
East Midlands +59 10 £77,000 +18.46% 185
Northern Ireland - 5 £95,000 - 3
North East - 2 £88,500 - 33
Wales - 1 - - 2

LLM
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 26 (8.10%) Jupyter
2 13 (4.05%) Apache Spark
3 5 (1.56%) Apache
4 2 (0.62%) Apache Airflow
4 2 (0.62%) Confluence
5 1 (0.31%) SharePoint
Applications
1 8 (2.49%) Chatbot
1 8 (2.49%) Microsoft Excel
2 3 (0.93%) Microsoft PowerPoint
3 1 (0.31%) Spreadsheet
Business Applications
1 4 (1.25%) Remedy ITSM
Cloud Services
1 127 (39.56%) AWS
2 55 (17.13%) Azure
3 21 (6.54%) GCP
4 17 (5.30%) SaaS
5 16 (4.98%) Azure AI
5 16 (4.98%) Microsoft Copilot
6 15 (4.67%) Vertex AI
7 14 (4.36%) Azure Machine Learning
8 11 (3.43%) Amazon SageMaker
9 10 (3.12%) Serverless
10 9 (2.80%) Azure Data Factory
10 9 (2.80%) Power Platform
11 7 (2.18%) Snowflake
12 6 (1.87%) Amazon EMR
12 6 (1.87%) Azure Synapse Analytics
12 6 (1.87%) GitHub
12 6 (1.87%) Power Automate
13 5 (1.56%) GitHub Actions
14 4 (1.25%) Amazon Bedrock
15 3 (0.93%) Azure DevOps
Communications & Networking
1 1 (0.31%) BGP
1 1 (0.31%) DNS
1 1 (0.31%) tcpdump
1 1 (0.31%) Wireshark
Database & Business Intelligence
1 26 (8.10%) Big Data
2 17 (5.30%) Data Mining
2 17 (5.30%) NoSQL
3 11 (3.43%) Tableau
4 8 (2.49%) Elasticsearch
4 8 (2.49%) Power BI
4 8 (2.49%) Relational Database
5 7 (2.18%) Neo4j
6 6 (1.87%) Redis
7 4 (1.25%) SQL Server
8 3 (0.93%) MongoDB
8 3 (0.93%) PostgreSQL
9 2 (0.62%) Cloud Spanner
9 2 (0.62%) Data Lake
9 2 (0.62%) DynamoDB
9 2 (0.62%) MySQL
9 2 (0.62%) Pinecone
10 1 (0.31%) Delta Lake
10 1 (0.31%) Power Query
10 1 (0.31%) Weaviate
Development Applications
1 25 (7.79%) Git
2 6 (1.87%) MLflow
3 5 (1.56%) Cypress.io
3 5 (1.56%) GitLab
3 5 (1.56%) Vite
3 5 (1.56%) webpack
4 2 (0.62%) Jenkins
4 2 (0.62%) JIRA
5 1 (0.31%) GDB
5 1 (0.31%) IDA Disassembler
5 1 (0.31%) WinDbg
General
1 57 (17.76%) Law
2 53 (16.51%) Social Skills
3 50 (15.58%) Finance
4 32 (9.97%) Analytical Skills
5 28 (8.72%) Inclusion and Diversity
6 16 (4.98%) Legal
6 16 (4.98%) Retail
7 15 (4.67%) Banking
8 14 (4.36%) Publishing
9 13 (4.05%) Games
10 9 (2.80%) Automotive
11 8 (2.49%) Marketing
12 6 (1.87%) Influencing Skills
12 6 (1.87%) Public Sector
13 5 (1.56%) Telecoms
14 4 (1.25%) Advertising
15 2 (0.62%) Manufacturing
15 2 (0.62%) Presentation Skills
15 2 (0.62%) Public Speaking
15 2 (0.62%) Tech for Good
Job Titles
1 95 (29.60%) Machine Learning Engineer
2 70 (21.81%) Senior
3 46 (14.33%) Lead
4 38 (11.84%) Data Scientist
5 29 (9.03%) Developer
6 27 (8.41%) Senior Data Scientist
7 25 (7.79%) Architect
8 24 (7.48%) Artificial Intelligence Engineer
9 22 (6.85%) Software Engineer
10 21 (6.54%) Gen AI Engineer
11 16 (4.98%) Head of AI
12 14 (4.36%) Artificial Intelligence Architect
12 14 (4.36%) Gen AI Software Engineer
12 14 (4.36%) Solutions Architect
13 13 (4.05%) Senior Software Engineer
14 9 (2.80%) Artificial Intelligence Developer
15 7 (2.18%) Enterprise Architect
16 6 (1.87%) Lead Architect
16 6 (1.87%) Lead Enterprise Architect
16 6 (1.87%) Senior Manager
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 34 (10.59%) PyTorch
1 34 (10.59%) TensorFlow
2 19 (5.92%) React
3 18 (5.61%) scikit-learn
4 16 (4.98%) HTML
5 14 (4.36%) CSS
6 13 (4.05%) .NET
6 13 (4.05%) Node.js
7 12 (3.74%) LangChain
8 11 (3.43%) NumPy
8 11 (3.43%) RESTful
9 9 (2.80%) RabbitMQ
10 8 (2.49%) .NET Framework
10 8 (2.49%) Google JAX
10 8 (2.49%) JAX
10 8 (2.49%) Kafka
10 8 (2.49%) REST
11 7 (2.18%) CSS3
11 7 (2.18%) HTML5
11 7 (2.18%) Hugging Face
Miscellaneous
1 92 (28.66%) Algorithms
2 33 (10.28%) Robotics
3 23 (7.17%) Cyberattack
4 13 (4.05%) Distributed Systems
5 12 (3.74%) Management Information System
6 11 (3.43%) Enterprise Software
6 11 (3.43%) Greenfield Project
6 11 (3.43%) Public Cloud
7 10 (3.12%) Cloud Native
8 6 (1.87%) Product Ownership
9 4 (1.25%) AI Agents
10 3 (0.93%) IoT
10 3 (0.93%) Self-Motivation
11 2 (0.62%) Analytical Mindset
11 2 (0.62%) Autonomous Agent
11 2 (0.62%) Data Structures
11 2 (0.62%) Distributed Computing
12 1 (0.31%) Biopharmaceutical
12 1 (0.31%) Reinsurance
12 1 (0.31%) Sports Betting
Operating Systems
1 5 (1.56%) Robot Operating System
2 2 (0.62%) Linux
3 1 (0.31%) Android
3 1 (0.31%) Windows
Processes & Methodologies
1 308 (95.95%) Artificial Intelligence
2 286 (89.10%) Machine Learning
3 176 (54.83%) Generative AI
4 115 (35.83%) Decision-Making
5 101 (31.46%) Data Science
6 91 (28.35%) Workflow
7 83 (25.86%) MLOps
8 82 (25.55%) API Integration
8 82 (25.55%) Task Automation
9 73 (22.74%) Computer Science
10 70 (21.81%) Problem-Solving
11 65 (20.25%) Software Engineering
12 59 (18.38%) DevOps
13 52 (16.20%) Natural Language Processing
14 51 (15.89%) Visualisation
15 48 (14.95%) Agile
15 48 (14.95%) Analytics
16 44 (13.71%) CI/CD
17 40 (12.46%) Roadmaps
18 38 (11.84%) Mentoring
Programming Languages
1 275 (85.67%) Python
2 53 (16.51%) JavaScript
3 41 (12.77%) Java
4 21 (6.54%) C++
5 20 (6.23%) SQL
6 16 (4.98%) Go
7 15 (4.67%) TypeScript
8 12 (3.74%) MATLAB
9 11 (3.43%) C#
9 11 (3.43%) R
10 7 (2.18%) C
10 7 (2.18%) Rust
11 6 (1.87%) Clojure
11 6 (1.87%) Elixir
11 6 (1.87%) Scala
11 6 (1.87%) T-SQL
12 4 (1.25%) Kotlin
12 4 (1.25%) VBA
13 2 (0.62%) Perl
13 2 (0.62%) SPARQL
Qualifications
1 94 (29.28%) Degree
2 51 (15.89%) Computer Science Degree
3 33 (10.28%) PhD
4 28 (8.72%) Master's Degree
5 25 (7.79%) Security Cleared
6 24 (7.48%) DV Cleared
7 12 (3.74%) Azure Certification
8 5 (1.56%) AWS Certification
9 2 (0.62%) Numerate Degree
10 1 (0.31%) AWS Certified Solutions Architect
10 1 (0.31%) DBS Check
10 1 (0.31%) Postgraduate
10 1 (0.31%) SC Cleared
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 25 (7.79%) Accessibility
2 19 (5.92%) GDPR
3 18 (5.61%) California Consumer Privacy Act
4 6 (1.87%) PCI DSS
5 4 (1.25%) Data Quality
5 4 (1.25%) QA
6 1 (0.31%) EU AI Act
6 1 (0.31%) GRC
6 1 (0.31%) HIPAA
6 1 (0.31%) NIST
System Software
1 42 (13.08%) Docker
2 3 (0.93%) Active Directory
2 3 (0.93%) Virtual Machines
3 1 (0.31%) Xen
Systems Management
1 64 (19.94%) Kubernetes
2 4 (1.25%) Terraform
3 1 (0.31%) Ansible
3 1 (0.31%) Bugsnag
3 1 (0.31%) Grafana
3 1 (0.31%) Istio
3 1 (0.31%) Kubeflow
3 1 (0.31%) Prometheus
Vendors
1 39 (12.15%) OpenAI
2 37 (11.53%) Google
3 36 (11.21%) Microsoft
4 15 (4.67%) ServiceNow
5 11 (3.43%) SAP
5 11 (3.43%) Workday
6 9 (2.80%) Databricks
7 4 (1.25%) Blue Prism
7 4 (1.25%) Remedy
7 4 (1.25%) UiPath