Large Language Model (LLM)
UK

The table below provides summary statistics for permanent job vacancies requiring LLM skills. It includes a benchmarking guide to the annual salaries offered in vacancies that cited LLM over the 6 months leading up to 31 May 2025, comparing them to the same period in the previous two years.

6 months to
31 May 2025
Same period 2024 Same period 2023
Rank 183 724 961
Rank change year-on-year +541 +237 -
Permanent jobs citing LLM 970 184 7
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 1.74% 0.18% 0.007%
As % of the Processes & Methodologies category 1.86% 0.21% 0.008%
Number of salaries quoted 109 104 5
10th Percentile £48,794 £46,306 £57,750
25th Percentile £65,000 £51,250 £82,500
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £90,000 £75,000 £85,000
Median % change year-on-year +20.00% -11.76% -
75th Percentile £146,300 £95,385 £95,000
90th Percentile £175,000 £117,375 £111,500
UK excluding London median annual salary £62,000 £70,576 £66,250
% change year-on-year -12.15% +6.53% -

All Process and Methodology Skills
UK

LLM falls under the Processes and Methodologies category. For comparison with the information above, the following table provides summary statistics for all permanent job vacancies requiring process or methodology skills.

Permanent vacancies with a requirement for process or methodology skills 52,256 87,133 91,481
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 93.58% 84.04% 95.51%
Number of salaries quoted 25,854 60,896 54,581
10th Percentile £28,822 £29,250 £34,000
25th Percentile £41,250 £40,000 £45,000
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £57,000 £55,000 £60,899
Median % change year-on-year +3.64% -9.69% +1.50%
75th Percentile £75,000 £72,500 £81,250
90th Percentile £97,500 £92,500 £100,000
UK excluding London median annual salary £51,564 £50,000 £55,000
% change year-on-year +3.13% -9.09% +4.76%

LLM
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing LLM as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for LLM in the UK

LLM
Salary Trend

3-month moving average salary quoted in jobs citing LLM.

Salary trend for LLM in the UK

LLM
Salary Histogram

Salary distribution for jobs citing LLM over the 6 months to 31 May 2025.

Salary histogram for LLM in the UK

LLM
Top 16 Job Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median salaries quoted in IT jobs citing LLM within the UK over the 6 months to 31 May 2025. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Permanent
IT Job Ads
Median Salary
Past 6 Months
Median Salary
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England +541 954 £90,000 +12.50% 390
UK excluding London +524 841 £62,000 -12.15% 129
Work from Home +425 650 £110,000 +55.86% 382
Midlands +264 291 £60,000 -20.00% 11
South East +280 284 £90,000 +38.46% 30
North of England +200 208 £110,000 +41.41% 49
East Midlands - 181 £42,000 - 5
London +147 123 £105,000 +20.00% 263
Yorkshire +153 122 £70,000 -10.01% 7
West Midlands +159 110 £75,000 - 6
North West +64 71 £110,000 - 35
South West +123 32 £55,000 -4.35% 4
North East - 15 - - 7
Scotland +107 13 £50,445 -28.52% 14
East of England +61 12 £62,000 -34.74% 17
Wales - 1 - - 4

LLM
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 23 (2.37%) Jupyter
2 16 (1.65%) Apache Spark
3 6 (0.62%) Apache
4 4 (0.41%) Apache Airflow
5 2 (0.21%) Confluence
Applications
1 7 (0.72%) Microsoft Excel
2 6 (0.62%) Chatbot
3 2 (0.21%) Microsoft PowerPoint
4 1 (0.10%) Simulink
4 1 (0.10%) Spreadsheet
Business Applications
1 4 (0.41%) Remedy ITSM
2 1 (0.10%) Dynamics CRM
Cloud Services
1 61 (6.29%) Azure
2 56 (5.77%) AWS
3 28 (2.89%) GCP
4 19 (1.96%) Microsoft Copilot
5 15 (1.55%) Azure AI
5 15 (1.55%) Vertex AI
6 13 (1.34%) Amazon SageMaker
6 13 (1.34%) Azure Monitor
6 13 (1.34%) SaaS
7 11 (1.13%) Power Platform
8 10 (1.03%) Serverless
9 8 (0.82%) Amazon EMR
9 8 (0.82%) GitHub
9 8 (0.82%) Snowflake
10 7 (0.72%) Power Automate
11 6 (0.62%) Amazon Bedrock
11 6 (0.62%) GitHub Actions
12 5 (0.52%) Azure Machine Learning
13 4 (0.41%) AWS Lambda
14 3 (0.31%) Azure DevOps
Communications & Networking
1 1 (0.10%) BGP
1 1 (0.10%) DNS
1 1 (0.10%) tcpdump
1 1 (0.10%) Wireshark
Database & Business Intelligence
1 25 (2.58%) Big Data
2 17 (1.75%) Data Mining
3 11 (1.13%) Tableau
4 9 (0.93%) MySQL
4 9 (0.93%) Power BI
5 8 (0.82%) NoSQL
6 7 (0.72%) Relational Database
7 6 (0.62%) MongoDB
7 6 (0.62%) Neo4j
7 6 (0.62%) PostgreSQL
8 5 (0.52%) Elasticsearch
9 4 (0.41%) DynamoDB
10 3 (0.31%) Redis
10 3 (0.31%) SQL Server
11 2 (0.21%) Amazon Aurora
11 2 (0.21%) Amazon RDS
11 2 (0.21%) Cloud Spanner
11 2 (0.21%) Data Lake
11 2 (0.21%) Electronic Patient Records
11 2 (0.21%) Pinecone
Development Applications
1 17 (1.75%) Git
2 3 (0.31%) MLflow
3 2 (0.21%) Cypress.io
3 2 (0.21%) GitLab
3 2 (0.21%) Jenkins
3 2 (0.21%) JIRA
3 2 (0.21%) Vite
3 2 (0.21%) webpack
4 1 (0.10%) GDB
4 1 (0.10%) IDA Disassembler
4 1 (0.10%) WinDbg
General
1 751 (77.42%) Retail
2 735 (75.77%) Manufacturing
3 196 (20.21%) Dutch Language
3 196 (20.21%) Finnish Language
3 196 (20.21%) Norwegian Language
4 82 (8.45%) Analytical Skills
5 68 (7.01%) Finance
6 65 (6.70%) Law
6 65 (6.70%) Social Skills
7 49 (5.05%) Catalan Language
8 35 (3.61%) Inclusion and Diversity
9 26 (2.68%) Legal
10 15 (1.55%) Publishing
11 12 (1.24%) Marketing
12 11 (1.13%) Banking
13 10 (1.03%) Games
14 6 (0.62%) Influencing Skills
14 6 (0.62%) Public Sector
15 5 (0.52%) Telecoms
16 3 (0.31%) Automotive
Job Titles
1 735 (75.77%) Trainer
2 84 (8.66%) Senior
3 51 (5.26%) Lead
4 39 (4.02%) Data Scientist
5 31 (3.20%) Software Engineer
6 27 (2.78%) Senior Data Scientist
7 22 (2.27%) Artificial Intelligence Engineer
8 20 (2.06%) Architect
9 19 (1.96%) Senior Software Engineer
10 18 (1.86%) Senior Manager
11 17 (1.75%) Developer
12 16 (1.65%) Gen AI Engineer
13 15 (1.55%) Head of AI
14 12 (1.24%) Artificial Intelligence Architect
14 12 (1.24%) Gen AI Software Engineer
15 11 (1.13%) Solutions Architect
16 8 (0.82%) Machine Learning Engineer
17 7 (0.72%) Enterprise Architect
18 6 (0.62%) Analyst
18 6 (0.62%) Lead Architect
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 38 (3.92%) PyTorch
2 37 (3.81%) TensorFlow
3 26 (2.68%) LangChain
4 20 (2.06%) Hugging Face
5 19 (1.96%) React
6 13 (1.34%) scikit-learn
7 12 (1.24%) Node.js
8 11 (1.13%) HTML
9 9 (0.93%) CSS
9 9 (0.93%) Kafka
10 8 (0.82%) NumPy
10 8 (0.82%) RESTful
11 7 (0.72%) .NET
11 7 (0.72%) REST
12 6 (0.62%) FastAPI
12 6 (0.62%) Google JAX
12 6 (0.62%) JAX
13 5 (0.52%) AngularJS
14 4 (0.41%) CSS3
14 4 (0.41%) RabbitMQ
Miscellaneous
1 768 (79.18%) Robotics
2 84 (8.66%) Algorithms
3 23 (2.37%) Cyberattack
4 12 (1.24%) Greenfield Project
4 12 (1.24%) Public Cloud
5 11 (1.13%) Cloud Native
5 11 (1.13%) Distributed Systems
5 11 (1.13%) Enterprise Software
6 10 (1.03%) AI Agents
6 10 (1.03%) Management Information System
7 4 (0.41%) Product Ownership
8 3 (0.31%) Autonomous Agent
8 3 (0.31%) Distributed Computing
9 2 (0.21%) Analytical Mindset
9 2 (0.21%) Blog
9 2 (0.21%) Low-Code
9 2 (0.21%) Onboarding
9 2 (0.21%) Self-Motivation
10 1 (0.10%) Cyber Threat
10 1 (0.10%) Virtual Team
Operating Systems
1 3 (0.31%) Robot Operating System
2 2 (0.21%) Linux
3 1 (0.10%) Android
3 1 (0.10%) Windows
Processes & Methodologies
1 963 (99.28%) Artificial Intelligence
2 925 (95.36%) Machine Learning
3 841 (86.70%) Generative AI
4 808 (83.30%) Problem-Solving
5 735 (75.77%) Red Team
6 566 (58.35%) Data Privacy
7 104 (10.72%) Data Science
8 87 (8.97%) MLOps
9 78 (8.04%) Computer Science
10 71 (7.32%) Software Engineering
11 54 (5.57%) Roadmaps
12 50 (5.15%) Visualisation
13 49 (5.05%) Agile
13 49 (5.05%) Biochemistry
13 49 (5.05%) Biology
13 49 (5.05%) Chemistry
13 49 (5.05%) DevOps
13 49 (5.05%) Natural Language Processing
14 44 (4.54%) Analytics
15 39 (4.02%) Mentoring
Programming Languages
1 171 (17.63%) Python
2 50 (5.15%) Java
2 50 (5.15%) JavaScript
3 22 (2.27%) C++
3 22 (2.27%) SQL
4 15 (1.55%) TypeScript
5 14 (1.44%) MATLAB
6 11 (1.13%) Go
6 11 (1.13%) R
7 6 (0.62%) C
7 6 (0.62%) C#
7 6 (0.62%) Rust
8 4 (0.41%) Clojure
8 4 (0.41%) Elixir
8 4 (0.41%) Kotlin
8 4 (0.41%) Scala
8 4 (0.41%) VBA
9 3 (0.31%) T-SQL
10 2 (0.21%) SPARQL
11 1 (0.10%) PowerShell
Qualifications
1 834 (85.98%) Degree
2 60 (6.19%) Computer Science Degree
3 31 (3.20%) Master's Degree
3 31 (3.20%) PhD
4 26 (2.68%) Security Cleared
5 24 (2.47%) DV Cleared
6 12 (1.24%) Azure Certification
7 4 (0.41%) Microsoft Certification
8 2 (0.21%) MCAD
9 1 (0.10%) AWS Certification
9 1 (0.10%) AWS Certified Solutions Architect
9 1 (0.10%) BPSS Clearance
9 1 (0.10%) DBS Check
9 1 (0.10%) Postgraduate
9 1 (0.10%) SC Cleared
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 20 (2.06%) GDPR
2 18 (1.86%) California Consumer Privacy Act
3 13 (1.34%) Accessibility
4 6 (0.62%) PCI DSS
5 4 (0.41%) QA
6 1 (0.10%) Data Quality
6 1 (0.10%) EU AI Act
6 1 (0.10%) HIPAA
6 1 (0.10%) NIST
System Software
1 38 (3.92%) Docker
2 1 (0.10%) Xen
Systems Management
1 53 (5.46%) Kubernetes
2 15 (1.55%) Grafana
2 15 (1.55%) Prometheus
3 6 (0.62%) Terraform
4 2 (0.21%) Single Sign-On
5 1 (0.10%) Ansible
5 1 (0.10%) Bugsnag
5 1 (0.10%) Istio
5 1 (0.10%) Kubeflow
5 1 (0.10%) Kustomize
Vendors
1 769 (79.28%) Google
2 743 (76.60%) Databricks
3 735 (75.77%) Adobe
4 53 (5.46%) OpenAI
5 37 (3.81%) Microsoft
6 15 (1.55%) ServiceNow
7 11 (1.13%) SAP
7 11 (1.13%) Workday
8 6 (0.62%) UiPath
9 5 (0.52%) Blue Prism
10 4 (0.41%) Remedy
11 1 (0.10%) Automation Anywhere
11 1 (0.10%) Citrix