CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
UK

The table below provides summary statistics for permanent job vacancies requiring CSS skills. It includes a benchmarking guide to the annual salaries offered in vacancies that cited CSS over the 6 months leading up to 31 May 2025, comparing them to the same period in the previous two years.

6 months to
31 May 2025
Same period 2024 Same period 2023
Rank 121 56 46
Rank change year-on-year -65 -10 -11
Permanent jobs citing CSS 1,409 4,194 5,687
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 2.52% 4.05% 5.94%
As % of the Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards category 14.73% 19.54% 20.19%
Number of salaries quoted 906 2,892 3,141
10th Percentile £31,250 £31,250 £36,250
25th Percentile £37,574 £38,750 £44,500
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £55,000 £52,500 £55,414
Median % change year-on-year +4.76% -5.26% +0.75%
75th Percentile £75,000 £67,500 £75,000
90th Percentile £87,500 £80,000 £92,500
UK excluding London median annual salary £50,000 £50,000 £52,500
% change year-on-year - -4.76% +5.00%

All Software Libraries and Frameworks
UK

CSS falls under the Software Libraries and Frameworks category. For comparison with the information above, the following table provides summary statistics for all permanent job vacancies requiring technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills.

Permanent vacancies with a requirement for technical specification, industry standards, software libraries and framework skills 9,568 21,459 28,171
As % of all permanent jobs advertised in the UK 17.13% 20.70% 29.41%
Number of salaries quoted 5,873 15,949 17,957
10th Percentile £38,350 £36,250 £40,500
25th Percentile £51,250 £45,000 £50,500
Median annual salary (50th Percentile) £66,206 £60,000 £67,500
Median % change year-on-year +10.34% -11.11% +3.85%
75th Percentile £86,250 £78,750 £87,500
90th Percentile £111,250 £100,000 £106,250
UK excluding London median annual salary £60,000 £55,000 £57,500
% change year-on-year +9.09% -4.35% +4.55%

CSS
Job Vacancy Trend

Job postings citing CSS as a proportion of all IT jobs advertised.

Job vacancy trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Salary Trend

3-month moving average salary quoted in jobs citing CSS.

Salary trend for CSS in the UK

CSS
Salary Histogram

Salary distribution for jobs citing CSS over the 6 months to 31 May 2025.

Salary histogram for CSS in the UK

CSS
Top 17 Job Locations

The table below looks at the demand and provides a guide to the median salaries quoted in IT jobs citing CSS within the UK over the 6 months to 31 May 2025. The 'Rank Change' column provides an indication of the change in demand within each location based on the same 6 month period last year.

Location Rank Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Matching
Permanent
IT Job Ads
Median Salary
Past 6 Months
Median Salary
% Change
on Same Period
Last Year
Live
Jobs
England -73 1,204 £55,000 +4.76% 1,021
UK excluding London -75 971 £50,000 - 690
Work from Home -30 769 £55,000 +4.76% 715
London -31 334 £67,500 -3.57% 404
North of England -83 295 £48,750 +2.63% 238
North West -83 231 £52,000 +4.00% 128
South East -81 209 £55,000 - 142
Midlands -64 167 £42,500 -5.56% 91
Scotland -2 128 £60,000 +0.89% 37
South West -49 86 £57,500 +15.00% 77
East Midlands -39 84 £40,000 -11.11% 31
West Midlands -34 82 £46,250 -2.63% 58
East of England -65 75 £37,500 -25.00% 81
Yorkshire -59 48 £40,000 -11.11% 80
North East +6 16 £45,000 +5.88% 34
Wales -34 13 £65,000 +30.00% 16
Northern Ireland -12 1 - - 8

CSS
Co-occurring Skills and Capabilities by Category

The follow tables expand on the table above by listing co-occurrences grouped by category. The same employment type, locality and period is covered with up to 20 co-occurrences shown in each of the following categories:

Application Platforms
1 177 (12.56%) Confluence
2 141 (10.01%) CMS
3 76 (5.39%) WordPress
4 43 (3.05%) Umbraco
5 33 (2.34%) SharePoint
6 31 (2.20%) Apache
7 26 (1.85%) IIS
8 23 (1.63%) Drupal
9 21 (1.49%) Headless CMS
10 16 (1.14%) nginx
11 5 (0.35%) Liferay
12 4 (0.28%) Sitecore CMS
13 3 (0.21%) ColdFusion
13 3 (0.21%) Kentico
13 3 (0.21%) NServiceBus
13 3 (0.21%) Oracle SOA Suite
13 3 (0.21%) Sitefinity
13 3 (0.21%) Strapi
14 2 (0.14%) Jadu
14 2 (0.14%) WebLogic
Applications
1 30 (2.13%) Adobe XD
2 18 (1.28%) Sketch
3 17 (1.21%) Photoshop
4 13 (0.92%) Adobe Illustrator
5 11 (0.78%) Adobe Creative Suite
6 10 (0.71%) Microsoft Office
7 9 (0.64%) InVision
8 5 (0.35%) Adobe Premiere
8 5 (0.35%) Chatbot
8 5 (0.35%) MS Visio
9 2 (0.14%) Elementor
9 2 (0.14%) InDesign
10 1 (0.071%) Microsoft Excel
10 1 (0.071%) Microsoft PowerPoint
10 1 (0.071%) Trello
10 1 (0.071%) Zeplin
Business Applications
1 29 (2.06%) NetSuite
2 25 (1.77%) Dynamics CRM
2 25 (1.77%) Shopify
3 19 (1.35%) Magento
4 13 (0.92%) Sage 200
4 13 (0.92%) Sage 50
5 11 (0.78%) JDE OneWorld
6 10 (0.71%) Payment Gateway
7 3 (0.21%) Oracle BPM
8 2 (0.14%) Adobe Campaign
8 2 (0.14%) Elite 3E
8 2 (0.14%) Sage 1000
9 1 (0.071%) CiviCRM
9 1 (0.071%) Remedy ITSM
9 1 (0.071%) Salesforce CRM
9 1 (0.071%) Sprinklr
Cloud Services
1 558 (39.60%) Azure
2 482 (34.21%) AWS
3 241 (17.10%) GCP
4 83 (5.89%) GitHub
5 77 (5.46%) Azure DevOps
6 71 (5.04%) Serverless
7 66 (4.68%) Power Platform
8 63 (4.47%) SaaS
9 60 (4.26%) Figma
10 53 (3.76%) Azure Service Bus
11 47 (3.34%) Google Analytics
12 42 (2.98%) Power Automate
13 41 (2.91%) PowerApps
14 39 (2.77%) Azure Cosmos DB
15 33 (2.34%) Dynamics 365
16 30 (2.13%) Azure Logic Apps
16 30 (2.13%) SonarCloud
17 22 (1.56%) AWS Lambda
17 22 (1.56%) Azure Functions
17 22 (1.56%) npm
Communications & Networking
1 19 (1.35%) Internet
2 18 (1.28%) Intranet
3 11 (0.78%) HTTP
4 7 (0.50%) DNS
4 7 (0.50%) Wi-Fi
5 4 (0.28%) Bluetooth
6 3 (0.21%) TCP/IP
7 2 (0.14%) Broadband
7 2 (0.14%) Ethernet
7 2 (0.14%) LoRaWAN
7 2 (0.14%) Modbus
7 2 (0.14%) MQTT
7 2 (0.14%) SMS
7 2 (0.14%) Wireshark
8 1 (0.071%) FTP
8 1 (0.071%) Kerberos
8 1 (0.071%) Multicast
8 1 (0.071%) RTSP
8 1 (0.071%) Value-Added Service
8 1 (0.071%) VPN
Database & Business Intelligence
1 448 (31.80%) SQL Server
2 211 (14.98%) MySQL
3 62 (4.40%) PostgreSQL
4 59 (4.19%) Relational Database
5 52 (3.69%) Elasticsearch
5 52 (3.69%) MongoDB
5 52 (3.69%) NoSQL
6 37 (2.63%) Power BI
7 26 (1.85%) Redis
8 17 (1.21%) SQL Server Reporting Services
9 16 (1.14%) BigQuery
10 8 (0.57%) Big Data
11 7 (0.50%) Azure SQL Database
11 7 (0.50%) Looker
12 6 (0.43%) GIS
12 6 (0.43%) Oracle Database
12 6 (0.43%) SQL Server Integration Services
13 5 (0.35%) Amazon RDS
13 5 (0.35%) DynamoDB
13 5 (0.35%) MariaDB
Development Applications
1 363 (25.76%) Git
2 320 (22.71%) JIRA
3 269 (19.09%) Selenium
4 262 (18.59%) Bitbucket
5 260 (18.45%) GitLab
6 254 (18.03%) Maven
7 251 (17.81%) Cucumber
8 250 (17.74%) SonarQube
9 247 (17.53%) Sonatype Nexus
10 73 (5.18%) Visual Studio
11 54 (3.83%) webpack
12 39 (2.77%) Octopus Deploy
13 35 (2.48%) Jenkins
14 33 (2.34%) Jasmine
14 33 (2.34%) MSBuild
15 31 (2.20%) Team Foundation Server
16 30 (2.13%) TeamCity
17 28 (1.99%) Cypress.io
18 26 (1.85%) Eclipse
18 26 (1.85%) Eclipse RCP
General
1 498 (35.34%) Finance
2 344 (24.41%) Social Skills
3 314 (22.29%) Inclusion and Diversity
4 289 (20.51%) Banking
5 186 (13.20%) Retail
6 107 (7.59%) Marketing
7 102 (7.24%) Investment Banking
8 90 (6.39%) Corporate Banking
9 76 (5.39%) Analytical Skills
10 74 (5.25%) Games
11 57 (4.05%) Law
12 46 (3.26%) Public Sector
13 31 (2.20%) Manufacturing
14 29 (2.06%) Legal
15 15 (1.06%) Advertising
16 12 (0.85%) Organisational Skills
17 11 (0.78%) Publishing
18 10 (0.71%) Automotive
18 10 (0.71%) iGaming
19 9 (0.64%) Front Office
Job Titles
1 752 (53.37%) Developer
2 363 (25.76%) Software Engineer
3 240 (17.03%) Senior
4 171 (12.14%) Senior Developer
5 149 (10.57%) Front-End Developer (Client-Side Developer)
6 118 (8.37%) Full-Stack Developer
7 113 (8.02%) Lead
8 107 (7.59%) PHP Developer
9 78 (5.54%) .NET Developer
10 71 (5.04%) Junior
11 61 (4.33%) Architect
12 53 (3.76%) React Developer
12 53 (3.76%) Web Developer
13 52 (3.69%) Lead Developer
14 51 (3.62%) C# Developer
15 46 (3.26%) Graduate
16 45 (3.19%) Junior Developer
17 44 (3.12%) Graduate Developer
18 43 (3.05%) JavaScript Developer
18 43 (3.05%) Senior Front-End Developer
Libraries, Frameworks & Software Standards
1 1,280 (90.84%) HTML
2 665 (47.20%) React
3 335 (23.78%) .NET
4 327 (23.21%) HTML5
5 288 (20.44%) Redux
6 273 (19.38%) Spring
7 264 (18.74%) Kafka
8 261 (18.52%) Spring Boot
9 250 (17.74%) JPA
10 249 (17.67%) CSS3
11 246 (17.46%) RESTful
12 223 (15.83%) REST
13 194 (13.77%) AngularJS
14 176 (12.49%) Hibernate
15 172 (12.21%) jQuery
16 170 (12.07%) ASP.NET
17 165 (11.71%) Jest
18 164 (11.64%) Sass
19 135 (9.58%) Vue
20 119 (8.45%) Node.js
Miscellaneous
1 289 (20.51%) Product Ownership
2 255 (18.10%) Enterprise Software
3 102 (7.24%) Mobile App
4 33 (2.34%) Cloud Native
5 31 (2.20%) Virtual Team
6 26 (1.85%) Algorithms
7 21 (1.49%) NHS
8 20 (1.42%) Greenfield Project
9 17 (1.21%) Self-Motivation
10 15 (1.06%) Client/Server
11 14 (0.99%) Foreign Exchange (FX)
11 14 (0.99%) Management Information System
12 13 (0.92%) Analytical Mindset
12 13 (0.92%) Distributed Systems
12 13 (0.92%) Marketing Technology
13 12 (0.85%) Data Structures
13 12 (0.85%) Hedge funds
14 10 (0.71%) Legacy Systems
14 10 (0.71%) Social Media
14 10 (0.71%) Team-Oriented Environment
Operating Systems
1 63 (4.47%) Linux
2 54 (3.83%) Windows
3 11 (0.78%) Android
3 11 (0.78%) Apple iOS
4 6 (0.43%) Ubuntu
4 6 (0.43%) Windows Server
5 5 (0.35%) Unix
6 1 (0.071%) CentOS
6 1 (0.071%) Debian
6 1 (0.071%) Red Hat Enterprise Linux
6 1 (0.071%) Rocky
Processes & Methodologies
1 680 (48.26%) Agile
2 501 (35.56%) Front End Development
3 467 (33.14%) Software Engineering
4 466 (33.07%) Full-Stack Development
5 443 (31.44%) DevOps
6 412 (29.24%) CI/CD
7 384 (27.25%) Microservices
8 363 (25.76%) User Experience
9 359 (25.48%) Test Automation
10 356 (25.27%) SDLC
11 335 (23.78%) Performance Optimisation
12 312 (22.14%) Problem-Solving
13 287 (20.37%) Containerisation
14 280 (19.87%) Continuous Improvement
15 251 (17.81%) Mentoring
16 247 (17.53%) Web Development
17 242 (17.18%) Clean Code
18 233 (16.54%) MVC
19 231 (16.39%) TDD
20 203 (14.41%) Responsive Web Design
Programming Languages
1 1,166 (82.75%) JavaScript
2 611 (43.36%) SQL
3 403 (28.60%) Java
4 386 (27.40%) C#
5 379 (26.90%) TypeScript
6 271 (19.23%) PHP
7 139 (9.87%) Python
8 59 (4.19%) C++
9 24 (1.70%) Ada
10 23 (1.63%) Rust
11 22 (1.56%) T-SQL
12 20 (1.42%) C
13 13 (0.92%) PowerShell
14 8 (0.57%) R
14 8 (0.57%) VB.NET
15 7 (0.50%) Ruby
16 6 (0.43%) Bicep
17 5 (0.35%) Go
17 5 (0.35%) Groovy
17 5 (0.35%) Shell Script
Qualifications
1 247 (17.53%) Degree
2 116 (8.23%) Computer Science Degree
3 51 (3.62%) Security Cleared
4 41 (2.91%) SC Cleared
5 36 (2.56%) BPSS Clearance
6 9 (0.64%) Master's Degree
7 8 (0.57%) Microsoft Certification
8 7 (0.50%) DV Cleared
9 5 (0.35%) AWS Certification
9 5 (0.35%) AWS Certified Developer
9 5 (0.35%) Azure Certification
9 5 (0.35%) ISTQB
10 4 (0.28%) DBS Check
11 3 (0.21%) HND
11 3 (0.21%) ISTQB Foundation Certification
12 2 (0.14%) AWS Certified Solutions Architect
12 2 (0.14%) Chartered Engineer
12 2 (0.14%) CISSP
12 2 (0.14%) HNC
12 2 (0.14%) Numerate Degree
Quality Assurance & Compliance
1 302 (21.43%) QA
2 241 (17.10%) Accessibility
3 66 (4.68%) GDPR
4 62 (4.40%) WCAG
5 7 (0.50%) ISO/IEC 27001
6 6 (0.43%) Actionable Recommendations
7 5 (0.35%) Data Quality
7 5 (0.35%) Software Quality Assurance
8 2 (0.14%) NCSC
8 2 (0.14%) PCI DSS
8 2 (0.14%) WAI
9 1 (0.071%) HL7
9 1 (0.071%) ISO 9001
9 1 (0.071%) MiFID
9 1 (0.071%) SLA
9 1 (0.071%) SOC 2
System Software
1 385 (27.32%) Docker
2 7 (0.50%) Active Directory
3 2 (0.14%) VMware ESXi
3 2 (0.14%) VMware Infrastructure
4 1 (0.071%) Firmware
4 1 (0.071%) NDS
4 1 (0.071%) Virtual Machines
Systems Management
1 305 (21.65%) Kubernetes
2 25 (1.77%) Terraform
3 22 (1.56%) Single Sign-On
4 7 (0.50%) Grafana
5 2 (0.14%) Functional Safety
5 2 (0.14%) HP Quality Center
5 2 (0.14%) Kibana
5 2 (0.14%) Prometheus
5 2 (0.14%) Systems Management Server (SMS)
6 1 (0.071%) CA Endevor
6 1 (0.071%) CA Single Sign-On
6 1 (0.071%) HP UCMDB
6 1 (0.071%) Istio
6 1 (0.071%) logstash
6 1 (0.071%) PingFederate
Vendors
1 247 (17.53%) Solace
2 173 (12.28%) Microsoft
3 73 (5.18%) Adobe
4 71 (5.04%) Google
5 27 (1.92%) Salesforce
6 26 (1.85%) Oracle
7 18 (1.28%) HP
7 18 (1.28%) Sage
8 16 (1.14%) Twitter
8 16 (1.14%) WooCommerce
9 12 (0.85%) Rollbar
9 12 (0.85%) ServiceNow
10 11 (0.78%) Ahrefs
10 11 (0.78%) Dell
10 11 (0.78%) Optimizely
10 11 (0.78%) SAP
11 10 (0.71%) New Relic
12 9 (0.64%) MuleSoft
13 8 (0.57%) HubSpot
13 8 (0.57%) Splunk